Smoking is a leading cause of preventable illness and death in the United States. While most health warnings focus on lung disease risk, smoking also can cause a number of dental problems ranging from tooth staining to oral cancer. Learning about smoking and dental problems can help motivate smokers to break the habit and seek appropriate treatment to prevent complications.
Periodontal Disease
Periodontal disease, a condition that encompasses gingivitis and periodontitis, is a major health concern for smokers. While gingivitis is usually reversible, it can progress to periodontitis if left untreated. Periodontitis is an advanced form of gum disease in which the gums separate from the teeth, allowing bacteria to grow below the gum line and break down bone and tissue. Periodontitis is irreversible and can lead to tooth loss. According to the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, smoking is among the most significant risk factors for gum disease and can reduce the effectiveness of treatment.
Tooth Discoloration
Tobacco is a major cause of tooth staining. While not dangerous, tooth discoloration can be unsightly and often is perceived as unattractive. Many substances are known to contribute to tooth staining, such as coffee, tea and other highly pigmented foods and beverages. What starts as superficial staining can progress to permanent discoloration as stains spread to microscopic cracks in tooth enamel.
Oral-Facial Pain
Oral-facial pain is a debilitating type of pain affecting the oral cavity, teeth, jaw or face. While the exact cause isn't always apparent, oral-facial pain may result from gum disease and other dental problems caused by smoking. The National Institutes of Health states that smoking is associated with increased incidence of tooth sensitivity, mouth pain and facial pain.
Oral Cancer
Tobacco contains a number of chemicals known to cause cancer in humans. Smoking puts these chemicals in contact with the body, damaging cellular DNA and triggering cancer growth. According to the Oral Cancer Foundation, all types of tobacco--including cigarettes, cigars, smokeless and pipe tobacco---increase the risk for developing oral cancer. Because it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, oral cancer is particularly deadly. Many patients who survive experience severe dental problems and facial disfigurement from surgeries needed to remove the cancer.
