Cortisol, also known as hydrocortisone, is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands. Cortisol is important for bone formation, the function of the circulatory and immune systems, stress levels and the metabolism of protein, carbohydrates and fats. Synthetic forms of the hormone are often prescribed to treat a range of health disorders.
Adrenal Glands
The adrenals are small, triangular-shaped glands situated at the top of each kidney. The outer layer of the adrenal glands, known as the adrenal cortex, is responsible for the secretion of hormones that regulate the body's metabolism. One of these hormones is cortisol.
Cortisol Levels
When healthy, your body regulates your levels of cortisol -- usually high levels during the early morning and lower levels at night. However, your adrenal glands secrete more cortisol in response to stress. Although small increases of cortisol have beneficial effects -- such as increasing energy, reducing pain sensitivity and improving memory -- a major increase of cortisol production can raise your blood pressure, decrease bone density and cause blood sugar imbalances.
Cortisol Test
You doctor can administer a test to check if you have low levels of cortisol, by taking a blood sample and measuring cortisol levels in your system. The test is usually administered early in the morning. A normal reading ranges between 6 to 23 mcg of cortisol per deciliter of blood, or mcg/dL. Never take synthetic cortisol without first consulting your doctor and undergoing this test.
Insomnia
Cortisol deficiency can lead to problems sleeping. The degree of insomnia can vary from periodic awakening during the night or completely sleepless nights. According to Edward M. Lichten, M.D., clinician and researcher in Birmingham, Michigan, synthetic varieties of cortisol such as Cortef, taken at levels of 5 mg in the morning with breakfast, can help. For insomniacs who are having problems with falling asleep during the daytime, Lichten recommends a further dose of 2.5 to 5 mg during lunchtime.
Side Effects
Cortisol is available from your doctor as an injectable drug, topical cream or an oral tablet. Because it helps to relieve inflammation, it is often used to treat arthritis, intestinal, eye, thyroid and blood disorders. Although side effects are not common, they may include increased appetite, swelling of face and neck, weight gain and mood changes. When used excessively, cortisol has been associated with depression, substance abuse, chronic pain, caner, strokes, diabetes, ulcers and psoriasis.
