Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body can no longer produce insulin to break down sugars in the body to create energy. When sugars and carbohydrates are consumed, the level of sugar in the blood increases. When insulin is not present, the sugar is not transformed into energy, and the body cannot break down the sugars. This can lead to hyperglycemia - high blood sugar levels.
Recommended Blood Sugar Levels and Ketoacidiosis
Experts at the Mayo Clinic recommend keeping blood sugar levels between 80 mg/dL and 120 mg/dL during waking hours, and between 100 mg/dL and 140 mg/dL before bed. If blood sugar levels remain high above these levels, ketoacidiosis, or a diabetic coma, can occur. Symptoms include extreme thirst, frequent urination, nausea and vomiting, fruity scent on the breath and confusion, among others. If symptoms of ketoacidiosis are present, call your doctor or seek medical attention immediately.
Insulin
Insulin is necessary for Type 1 diabetics and is an efficient way to quickly lower blood sugar levels. The amount of insulin used depends how high blood sugar is, or is expected to be after eating, and how your body reacts to insulin. Insulin can be delivered either through an injection or through a pump. Your health care provider or a diabetes educator can show you how and when to use the insulin. Consult your doctor if your insulin does not lower your blood sugar levels.
Exercise
Regular physical activity can help lower blood sugar levels and keep sugar levels in a healthy range. Remember to check your blood sugar levels often during and after engaging in physical activity, as exercise can continue to lower blood sugar levels even after the activity is over. If your blood sugar level is over 240 mg/dL when you check before exercising, stop. Ketones may be present in your body, and may actually cause your blood sugar to rise, not lower.
Diet
Eating a balanced, healthy diet is important for Type 1 diabetics, as is the timing of meals. Try to eat a diet focused on fruits, vegetables and whole grains, and pay attention to the amounts of sugar and starches that make up your meals. It is important to limit sweets, but that does not mean that sweets must be ruled out completely. Ask your doctor for advice on ways to responsibly work small amounts of sweets into your diet plan.
Reminders
Remember that there are certain life situations that can alter blood sugar levels. Prolonged stress may cause your body to produce hormones that prevent your insulin from working correctly, and illnesses, such as colds or the flu, can also cause blood sugar levels to rise, making it important to monitor your blood sugar levels closely. If you are having problems keeping your blood sugar in a healthy range from stress, illness or any other reason, talk to your doctor.
References
- Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International: What is Type 1 Diabetes?
- Mayo Clinic: Type 1 Diabetes- Treatments and Drugs
- American Diabetes Association: Ketoacidiosis (DKA)
- MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia: Type 1 Diabetes
- American Diabetes Association: Hyperglycemia (High Blood Glucose)
- Kids Health: Type 1 Diabetes: Living with Type 1 Diabetes
