Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, also called ACE inhibitors, are prescribed to treat heart, kidney and blood pressure disorders. ACE inhibitors act on the kidneys to manipulate and regulate blood pressure by altering enzyme and hormone secretions. The end result is improved kidney function, decreased work for the heart and controlled blood pressure. But ACE inhibitors are not without problems or side effects, which can require medical attention if they become intolerable or life-threatening.
ACE Inhibitor's Function
The kidneys regulate blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. When blood pressure falls, the kidneys secrete an enzyme called renin which initiates the secretion of a hormone called angiotensin. Angiotensin acts on blood vessels to cause constriction and raise blood pressure. Angiotensin activates the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal glands, causing sodium and water retention, which raises blood pressure. ACE inhibitors stop the secretion of angiotensin and aldosterone, thereby lowering blood pressure.
Significance
By stopping the constriction of blood vessels, ACE inhibitors enhance circulation, decrease the workload for the heart and diminish the buildup of blood in the heart and lungs. With arteries and veins relaxed and expanded, more oxygen-enriched blood is delivered to the heart and the rest of the body, while sodium and water retention is decreased via their excretion in the urine. ACE inhibitors alleviate congestive heart failure symptoms and slow down its progression, as well as that of chronic kidney diseases.
Common Side Effects
The most common side effect, an irritating and dry, hacking cough, can disappear over time. If the cough becomes intolerable, a similar type of medication called angiotensin II receptor blockers or ARBs are less likely to cause a cough and are equally effective for heart failure. Less common side effects include increased potassium levels, dizziness, headaches, rashes and fatigue. A rare side effect, called angioedema, causes swelling in the throat and can be life-threatening.
Interactions
Anti-inflammatory medications, called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or NSAIDs, can interact with ACE inhibitors, decreasing their effects. This can occur with products that contain ibuprofen and naproxen, including over-the-counter medications. Potassium supplements and diuretics that spare potassium can increase potassium levels dangerously. It's very important to tell your physician about all of the prescription drugs you are taking, as well as over-the-counter medications, salt substitutes and dietary supplements.
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