Peripheral neuropathy and a lack of vitamin B12 are closely linked. The nerve damage from peripheral neuropathy occurs when the neural signals running from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles are disrupted. This leads to a decrease in sensation, pain and loss of muscle control. Since vitamin B12 is vital for the proper functioning of nerves, a serious B12 deficiency can have several negative effects on your body. It is one of the major causes of peripheral neuropathy.
Peripheral Neuropathy and Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12, also known as cyanocobalamin, is a water-soluble organic compound belonging to the B-complex vitamin group. It is vital for proper neurological function and the formation of DNA and blood cells. Vitamin B12 is found only in meat, fish, eggs and dairy products, but never in plants. It may also be synthesized in labs and taken as a supplement.
Peripheral neuropathy, as a disorder of the nerves, can be caused by a vitamin deficiency, especially a lack of B12 in particular. Without sufficient intake of this vitamin, you run the risk of damage to the nerves in your extremities and spinal cord deterioration. In severe cases, the damage to the nervous system may even result in permanent disability.
Causes of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
A deficiency in vitamin B12 can be brought about by several different factors. If your stomach lacks the necessary amounts of acid to absorb vitamin B12 from your food, your levels of this compound will drop. This may include people who have undergone gastrointestinal surgery, those who have gastrointestinal problems, and patients with atrophic gastritis, a condition that involves decreased stomach acid production. Aside from individuals with malabsorption issues, vegetarians and vegans who avoid animal-based foods are also at risk for B12 deficiency, unless they take supplements or eat fortified cereal products.
Symptoms and Effects
With peripheral neuropathy and a serious vitamin B12 deficiency, you may experience problems, such as movement difficulties, changes in sensation and nerve disorders. The damage to peripheral nerves can cause tingling, numbness and pain, usually starting in extremities, such as the toes, legs, arms and fingers. Patients may also lose coordination and the ability to determine their limb position. The autonomic nerves are also affected, leading to problems with involuntary bodily functions, such as those controlling internal organs and blood pressure. This can lead to nausea, blurred vision, constipation, erectile dysfunction and vomiting, among others. Finally, a vitamin B12 deficiency can negatively impact motor actions and movement, manifesting as muscle loss, weakness and loss of dexterity. Patients may also experience problems with swallowing, breathing and the inability to move some muscles.
Treatment
Treating a vitamin B12 deficiency depends on the specific cause. Patients with pernicious anemia will need lifelong injections of B12, or mega-doses of oral supplements. Those lacking enough dietary B12 can remedy the problem by following a more balanced diet. Malabsorption is typically treated by vitamin B12 injections until the patient's condition improves. Peripheral neuropathy symptoms, meanwhile, are treated by applying Lidocaine patches. Braces, splints and exercises to boost muscle strength and control can also help treat muscle groups and limbs.
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