The New Zealand Dermatological Society's DermNet NZ site (NZDS) describes corticosteroids as synthetic derivatives of the natural steroid, cortisol. They are often taken by mouth, injection or applied topically. Cortisol regulates the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates and fats. They also regulate inflammation and the immune system's response to control such health concerns as arthritis. As with any medication, corticosteroids have the potential for side effects. The symptoms may vary depending on the type of corticosteroid used.
Short-Term Use Effects
The NZDS explains that steroids are often prescribed for short-term treatment and present few side effects for that reason. Examples of these potential side effects include weight changes, appetite changes, sleep disturbances, reduced or increased energy and/or psychological effects, NZDS points out. The Mayo Clinic points out some other common effects include headache, increased thirst and hunger. Topical or injected corticosteroids may also cause mild to moderate skin sensitivity, pain and tenderness at the site of injection and possibly bruising from the needle.
Long-Term Use Effects
The NZDS warns that individuals who use corticosteroids longer than one month are likely to suffer from some adverse reactions. The body may become reliant on the corticosteroids and discontinue or reduce the natural production of cortisol. This can also lead to withdrawal effects as an individual discontinues treatment. Side effects of this may include fatigue, headaches, muscle and joint pain.
Other effects may include severe weight gain or body shape changes from fat deposits, tremors, salt retention that leads to leg swelling, elevated blood pressure and heart failure, insomnia, mood changes and ulcers. Pediatric patients may experience a delay in growth that may not be recovered even after the corticosteroids are discontinued. The Mayo Clinic also points out the risk of menstrual irregularities, thinning of the skin that leads to bruising and slower wound healing.
Serious Side Effects
The most serious side effects occur with long-term use of corticosteroids. Some users may suffer from osteoporosis. The risk of thinning of the bones is higher in individuals using corticosteroids who are smokers, past menopause, are elderly and those with diabetes or lung problems, as the NZDS points out.
Diabetic patients may experience a worsening of symptoms. Any individual may experience an increase in blood sugar, the Mayo Clinic explains.
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