Proteins contribute to many functions in the body. Proteins are synthesized by cells and used to support them, the surrounding cells or the rest of the body. Collagen is a particular protein that is a component of connective tissue, which serves to support tissues. Disorders of protein such as collagen lead to specific diseases.
Protein and Collagen Structure
About 20 amino acids are found in the body. Cells build proteins using amino acids. A string of cDNA in the nucleus of a cell codes for a corresponding string of amino acids. The cell has machinery that reads the DNA and puts together the amino acids to make a protein. The amino acid string folds into a large structure. The physical structure and function of the protein depends on the sequence of amino acids.
There are many different types of collagen with slightly different structures. In general, the amino acids form helical structures that ultimately form long fibers.
Functions
Protein has many functions. Enzymes are a special type of protein that help chemical reactions occur; they can build new chemicals or break them down. In fact, proteins are synthesized with the help of specific enzymes. Other proteins function as carriers, transporting chemicals around the body. Some proteins act as hormones. Insulin is a protein that tells cells to take up blood sugar from the blood. Other proteins provide structure, such as collagen. Collagen adds strength and support to tissues such as skin, ligaments, tendons and cartilage.
Disorders
Since collagen supports tissues, disorders will weaken tissues. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is a genetic disorder of collagen. It may cause joint instability, skin flexibility, poor wound healing and blood vessel weakness. Vitamin C is needed to synthesize collagen. Vitamin C deficiency causes scurvy, which causes similar problems to Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.
Supplements
Protein supplements intended to reach the bloodstream are generally ineffective because they are broken down by the acid and digestive enzymes of the stomach. Collagen is sometimes injected under the skin for the treatment of wrinkles. Consult with a health care professional regarding any treatment involving protein supplements or collagen.
References
- "Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry"; David L. Nelson and Michael M. Cox; 4th Ed 2004
- "Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease"; Vinay Kumar et al.; 8th Ed 2009
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine"; Anthony S Fauci et al.; 17th Ed 2008
- "Physiology"; Linda S.Costanzo; 4th Ed 2008
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