Exercise is an important part of everyday health and well-being, keeping the functions of the body in proper working order. Exercise positively affects mood, digestion, the cardiovascular system and the lungs, which in turn affect quality of life. But too much exercise may also cause issues, specifically with the menstrual cycle. Consistent, moderate-intensity exercise seems to help some menstrual issues, while high-intensity athletic exercise may have negative consequences on the reproductive system.
Identification
Exercise seems to have an effect on the menstrual cycle, according to available research. Interestingly enough, this effect can be either positive or negative, mostly depending on the amount of exercise performed. In his book "Psychology of Physical Activity," Stuart Biddle discusses research that indicates exercise has a positive effect on pre-menstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea, or pain during menstruation. At the same time, too much exercise can have a negative effect on the cycle, leading to long-term negative consequences.
Issues
Intense physical exercise can lead to certain menstrual disorders in women. These include a delayed onset of menstruation, an irregular menstrual cycle, clinically referred to as oligomenorrhea, or the complete cessation of menses, also known as amenorrhea, according to William D. McArdle in the book, "Exercise Physiology." Hypotheses of why exercise can negatively affect the menstrual cycle include the disruption of hormones that oversee menstruation by prolonged physical stress, and the lack of fat reserves available in athletes induces the cessation of ovulation.
Research
Research seems to indicate that high-intensity exercise does in fact negatively affect the menstrual cycle. Though amenorrhea only occurs in 2 to 5 percent of women of reproductive age, it can reach up to 40 percent in female athletes, according to McArdle. One-third to one-half of female athletes experience some form of menstrual irregularity, and the absence of menstruation accelerates bone loss while increasing risk of musculoskeletal injury during exercise. Regular daily exercise, on the other hand, has not been indicated to have the same risks.
Considerations
If you follow a high-intensity workout regimen, make sure you consume enough calories to make up for it since low body fat may be the culprit for menstrual disorders. See your doctor if you experience sporadic periods or cease to menstruate. Also, working with a physical trainer who understands proper nutrition alongside a fitness regimen may help with maintaining a regular menstrual cycle.
References
- "Psychology of Physical Activity"; Stuart Biddle; 2008
- "Exercise Physiology"; William D. McArdle; 2009
