Sometimes called an elliptical trainer, elliptical machine or just a cross-trainer, the elliptical cross-trainer offers a low-impact cardiovascular workout. Originally found only in gyms, you can purchase these machines for home use. Although there are several different types of elliptical machines with a variety of features, they all fall under the elliptical cross-trainer category.
History
Precor, a fitness equipment manufacturer, invented the elliptical cross-trainer in 1995. Larry D. Miller, a Precor engineer, designed the first elliptical machine as a low-impact alternative to running for his daughter who had suffered a heel injury.
Some elliptical machines offer only the lower-body movement, similar to a treadmill. Technically, elliptical cross-trainers are the machines that have upper-body exercise arms in addition to the lower-body pedals. However, it is common for the terms to be used interchangeably for any machine with the elliptical pedal motion.
Function
The American Council on Exercise, a nonprofit fitness organization, recommends elliptical machines if you are looking for a cardio alternative that places less stress on your joints than other machines, such as a treadmill or stepper. You do not pick your feet up at any point when using an elliptical, which means there is no impact like on a treadmill. The motion on an elliptical machine is smooth and nonjarring.
Types
The original, and current, Precor elliptical machines have a rear-drive system. The flywheel mechanism is on the back of the machine, which results in a smooth, stable pedal motion. Other manufacturers have designed front drive elliptical cross-trainers --- the flywheel mechanism is on the front of the machine. The effectiveness of this design varies by manufacturer, but it is generally less stable and less smooth than a rear-drive machine. More recently, some manufacturers are producing center-drive machines. The drive system is on the sides of the machine with the user's weight centered in the middle, making the machine more compact and stable.
Features
Most elliptical cross-trainers offer several levels of pedal resistance. Manual resistance you adjust with a tension knob, while digital resistance you adjust with the control buttons on the console. Depending on the brand and model, an elliptical has between eight and 20 resistance levels.
Elliptical machines offer a variety of features, depending on the specific model, such as heart rate sensor, preset workout programs, incline ramp, fold-away design and adjustable stride lengths.
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