Keeping your level of potassium within a normal range is the responsibility of the kidneys. A small potassium deficiency does not usually cause any symptoms. However, if the level drops very low, because potassium is vital for the heart muscle and muscles in general, people can develop heart abnormalities, weak muscles, muscle aches, muscle cramps and even paralysis.
Potassium
Potassium is an electrolyte, the term for any mineral that has an electric charge. As an electrolyte, it must remain within a certain range if it is to properly perform all of its vital functions, according to "Handbook of Pathophysiology" by Elizabeth Corwin, Ph.D. This electrolyte has a role in the membrane of cells and is especially important for the nervous system, heart and other muscles throughout the body. The kidneys are primarily responsible for keeping enough potassium in the bloodstream.
Potassium Level and Deficiency
The kidneys excrete potassium when you consume too much, but they do not excrete any into the urine when you do not consume enough. The normal level of potassium is between 3.5 mEq/L to 5.0 mEq/L, according to Dr. Diana Nicoll, associate dean of the University of California in the "Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests." There are various reasons why someone would have a potassium deficiency besides not consuming enough. They may have a kidney or adrenal gland disorder, a high blood glucose level, prolonged diarrhea or vomiting, or may take excessive diuretics.
Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency
Because potassium is important to the nervous system and muscles, a deficiency can interfere with the contraction of the muscles. As a result, a low level can cause someone to feel tired, have muscle aches, weak muscles and muscle cramps. If the level drops low enough, it can not only affect the heart muscle but also the respiratory muscles to such an extent that it can lead to paralysis, says Dr. Gary Singer, assistant professor of clinical medicine at the Washington University School of Medicine in "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine."
Potassium Deficiency and Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis is the medical term that describes the breakdown of the skeletal muscle. This disorder can be due to a variety of causes, all of which cause harm to the skeletal muscle, including heat stroke, marathon runs and crush injuries. Rhabdomyolysis can also be a sign of a potassium deficiency since this deficiency affects and may harm the muscles. People with rhabdomyolysis may have a red or brown urine, says Dr. James Knochel, clinical professor of internal medicine at the University of Texas in "The Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals."
References
- "Handbook of Pathophysiology"; Elizabeth Corwin, MSN, Ph.D., FNP; 2000
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine"; Anthony Fauci, M.D., Dennis Kasper, M.D., Dan Longo, M.D. et al.; 2008
- "Pocket Guide to Diagnostic Tests"; Diana Nicoll, M.D., Ph.D., Stephen McPhee, M.D., Michael Pignone, M.D., Chuanyi Lu, M.D.; 2007
- Merck Manual for Healthcare Professionals: Malignant Hyperthermia
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