Iron deficiency anemia is a condition in which the body does not have enough red blood cells. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin, an iron-rich protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Iron is needed by the bone marrow for the production of healthy red blood cells. Lack of iron leads to iron deficiency anemia, a condition that is common in athletes.
Causes
Athletes are involved in frequent vigorous physical training, which leads to loss of iron through sweat, bodily injures and calorie restrictions. Frequent vigorous exercise also causes destruction of red blood cells in muscles. Female athletes are more likely to suffer from iron deficiency anemia due to menstruation and inadequate iron intake. Athletes should consume plenty of foods rich in iron, especially during the early stages of training.
Symptoms
Symptoms of anemia occur due to reduced oxygenation of tissues and body organs. Patients experience symptoms such as shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, headache, coldness in the hands and feet, pale skin, brittle hair, abnormal heart rhythm, rapid heart rate, unusual food cravings, decreased appetite and problems concentrating.
Treatment
Iron deficiency anemia is treated using iron supplements and dietary changes. Iron supplements help the body build iron levels quickly and are available in tablet or liquid form. Iron supplements can irritate the stomach and should be taken with food. Iron liquid supplements may stain the teeth, so patients should use a drinking straw to prevent tooth staining. Other side effects of iron supplements include constipation, dark stools and heartburn.
Prevention
Iron deficiency anemia can be prevented by consuming iron-rich foods such as red meat, beef liver, chicken liver, turkey, pork, fish, spinach, dark green leafy vegetables, peanut butter, beans, peas, raisins, apricots, peaches, prune juice and fortified foods. Patients should eat foods rich in vitamin C together with iron-rich foods or supplements to increase iron absorption. Athletes should wear protective clothing during vigorous exercise to avoid injuries.
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