For hundreds of years, people have been drawn to the stimulating yet calming effects of nicotine. By affecting both the brain and the adrenal glands, nicotine has a powerful dual biological effect. This dual influence increases metabolism while creating a sense of calmness and slight euphoria. Although the short-term effects sound appealing, the long-term effects are alarming.
The Adrenal Glands
Humans have two adrenal glands located on top of the kidneys. At the core of each adrenal gland is the adrenal medulla, which produces adrenaline. Nicotine attaches to the adrenal medulla and stimulates it to release adrenaline. Adrenaline is a hormone that stimulates the entire body. It causes respiration to increase and the heart to beat faster. It also increases blood glucose levels, which provides a burst of energy. Not only is metabolism increased by these changes, but the energy boost from rising glucose levels provides additional energy.
The Brain
In the brain, nicotine attaches to neurons and stimulates the production of the mood-altering neurotransmitter dopamine. Elevated dopamine levels create a calming effect. This sense of well-being is an important component of nicotine's seductive power. Normally increased adrenaline levels act as an alarm to the brain. Unlike other stimulants, however, nicotine tricks the brain into sensing that all is well while the chemical is also creating a burst of adrenaline. With dopamine levels increased, the alarm is not sent, and raised metabolic rates are maintained.
Long-Term Effects
In the brain, nicotine stimulates neuron activity by taking the place of acetylcholine, our brain's natural stimulant). Over time the brain becomes accustomed to functioning on frequent doses of the artificial stimulant and might reduce the production of acetylcholine. In the adrenal glands, continual overstimulation of the adrenal medulla can lead to decreased natural functioning of the gland. Additionally the long-term effect of continual adrenaline production can lead to heart disease, high blood pressure and increased risk of stroke.
Weight and Metabolism
It is common for people to think nicotine helps maintain a healthy weight. In addition to increasing metabolism, the increased glucose levels caused by nicotine's effect on the adrenal glands reduce appetite. This combination makes a tempting substitute for the harder path of diet and exercise. The fact remains, however, that regardless of how nicotine is obtained, it has a detrimental effect on the brain and adrenal glands. The best method of long-term weight management will always remain a sensible diet and moderate exercise.
Member Comments