Vitamin B-12 is a water-soluble vitamin that is needed throughout the body. It plays a role in metabolism, cell formation and heart disease. Without it, the body would be unable to make DNA. Adults need a minimum of 2.4 micrograms of vitamin B-12 each day. Sources of vitamin B-12 include meat, fish, shellfish, eggs and milk products. Supplements are also available to help meet vitamin B-12 needs. Deficiency can occur from decreased dietary intake or impaired digestion and absorption of this vitamin.
Metabolism
When combined with the other seven B vitamins, vitamin B-12 helps break down foods. Vitamin B-12 is needed to convert the carbohydrates, protein and fats from foods into glucose that the body can use for energy.
Cells
Cells and tissues rely on Vitamin B-12 for daily maintenance and repair. The body needs vitamin B-12 to make red blood cells. Deficiency can lead to decreased red blood cell formation and overall decreased red blood cell count, also known as anemia. The central nervous system also relies on vitamin B-12 to help build and maintain healthy, functioning nerve cells.
DNA
Vitamin B-12 is needed to synthesize DNA, the genetic code that contains the instructions needed to help build cells. Vitamin B-12 deficiency can cause a decrease in DNA, resulting in decreased cell formation and impaired growth and development.
Heart Disease
Vitamin B-12, in conjunction with folic acid, is used to decrease levels of the amino acid homocysteine. Elevated homocysteine levels have been linked to increased risk of heart disease.
References
- Office of Dietary Supplements: Vitamin B12
- Genetics Home Reference: What is DNA?
- Linus Pauling Institute; Vitamin B12; Jane Higdon, Ph.D., Victoria J. Drake, Ph.D.; 2011
- University of Maryland Medical Center; Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin); Steven D. Ehrlich, N.M.D.; 2009
- MedlinePlus: Anemia - B12 Deficiency
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