Triathlon bikes are not a commonly sold form of bicycle, but most major bike manufacturers do have at least one type of triathlon-specific bicycle available to consumers. These bikes are not drastically different than road bikes, but small changes to the ergonomics of the frame and equipment can influence a rider's performance and make a difference in close competition.
Bike Type
A triathlon bike's features should depend on the type of terrain you will be riding on. In many cases, a road bike is an acceptable stand-in for a triathlon-specific bike. It is also versatile because most triathlons place the cycling stage of the race on cement or asphalt. However, some triathlons compete on trails and rugged terrains and require a mountain bike. These bikes are effective for general competition, but a triathlon bike features a slightly different composition that makes it easier to move from swimming onto the bicycle and from cycling to the running stage of the race.
Handlebars
Triathlon bikes are often customized to accommodate aero bars. These bars extend farther out from the frame than the handlebars found on most road and mountain bikes, and they are more easily fitted onto triathlon bikes because the frames make it easier for the body to extend from the seat post to the handlebars without discomfort or difficulty. Not all bikes have or require aero bars, but they lower the upper body while keeping the torso extended, improving your body's breathing economy while keeping your body aerodynamic. Try out aero bars on a triathlon frame before purchasing them -- it is possible that you will find these handlebars uncomfortable, and the size of the frame may influence how functional they are for your body.
Frame Size
One of the benefits to purchasing a triathlon-specific bike is the taller frame, which allows the body and muscles to transition to running with less difficulty. Road bikes have a shorter seat post length, which creates sharper angles in the knees when pedaling. This reduces the amount of tension in the muscles when riding, particularly those in the legs and lower back. It also improves your efficiency when breathing and allows your body to enter the running stage of the triathlon with rested legs and a reduced oxygen debt. The frame still needs be fitted to your body, but the frame's effect on the angles created by your body can influence your comfort and performance.
Considerations
Triathlon bikes are not always beneficial to novice triathletes that are unfamiliar with the sport and its nuances. You will appreciate your triathlon bike more as you become more experienced and know exactly what you are looking for. Generally speaking, comfort is the most important aspect of choosing a triathlon bike, followed by the efficiency and energy expenditure when riding.
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