Cortisol is an important hormone that is involved in many important biological processes within the human body including regulation of glucose levels. Diseases and medications that affect cortisol levels can significantly alter blood glucose levels. Synthetic steroid medications are often designed to mimic the effects of cortisol within the body.
Cortisol
Cortisol is classified as a glucocorticosteroid hormone. Also referred to as hydrocortisone, cortisol is the primary glucocorticoid found within the human body. Following the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH, by the pituitary gland, the adrenal cortex is stimulated into secreting cortisol. As cortisol circulates within the bloodstream, it is distributed to various parts of the body.
Measuring Cortisol Levels
Cortisol levels within the bloodstream are typically measured in the early morning when they are at their peak. The normal range of cortisol at this time is between 6 to 23 mcg/dL. Cortisol levels are useful in determining if disease is present in the pituitary gland or adrenal cortex. In addition, cortisol levels are also an indicator of the patient's ability to respond to physiological stressors.
Cortisol's Relationship to Glucose Metabolism
The effect of cortisol on glucose levels within the bloodstream is in opposition to the effects of insulin. Produced by the pancreas, insulin is a hormone that stimulates muscle and tissue cells to absorb glucose from the bloodstream and use it for energy. In contrast, cortisol signals the body to conserve glucose within the bloodstream for potential use by vital organs. In addition, cortisol also stimulates the production of glucose by the liver. As a result, glucose levels typically rise within the bloodstream in response to cortisol.
Diseases and Medications
Diseases of the adrenal gland and pituitary gland can cause abnormal levels of cortisol secretion. Prolonged use of synthetic steroid drugs can inhibit the production of endogenous cortisol, which can cause abnormally low levels of cortisol once the patient stops using the steroid medication. Abnormal cortisol levels can cause many problems, including impairment of normal metabolism and the body's ability to respond to stress. Patients with questions concerning cortisol or the use of steroid medications should contact a physician.
