Vitamins are essential for keeping many physiological processes operating correctly. However, excessive amounts of some vitamins can have serious and life-threatening consequences. Supplements that contain iron, calcium, vitamin D or niacin are particularly harmful in large amounts. Multivitamins and even children's vitamins may be dangerous if consumed in excess.
Iron Poisoning
Iron poisoning is a serious and life-threatening complication of vitamin overdose. It is possible to consume excessive amounts of iron from iron pills, multivitamins or prenatal vitamins. Early symptoms of iron poisoning include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, irritability, drowsiness, unconsciousness and seizures. These usually begin within six hours of the overdose. A rapid heart rate, coma and low blood pressure are other serious signs. Iron poisoning requires emergency medical attention because the condition can worsen quickly. Within days, iron poisoning can cause death from liver failure, shock or bleeding.
Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia is a condition that describes abnormally high levels of calcium in the blood. It can be caused by excessive supplementation with calcium or vitamin D. Underlying health conditions can also cause hypercalcemia, such as parathyroid problems. If left untreated, hypercalcemia can cause irreversible damage to your kidneys. It may also result in osteoporosis, kidney stones, abnormal heart rhythms, dementia or coma.
Niacin Overdose
Niacin is another name for vitamin B-3. It is sometimes recommended to patients with high cholesterol and high triglycerides. Rumors that niacin pills can prevent a positive result on a drug test are untrue. No studies have shown that niacin can mask evidence of marijuana or other substances in the body. Skin flushing combined with dizziness and itching is a sign of niacin overdose. In large amounts, it may cause rapid heartbeat, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Niacin overdose requires medical attention to prevent severe liver damage.
Prevention and First Aid
Discuss your vitamin regimen with a doctor before adding any new supplements, and always follow the manufacturer's instructions regarding the appropriate dose. Store vitamins in child-resistant containers out of the reach of small children. Contact your local poison control number or in the United States, the National Poison Control Center at 800-222-1222. Seek emergency medical attention if you suspect someone has taken an excessive amount of vitamin pills.
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