The axial skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column, ribcage and pelvis. This important part of the anatomy protects the central nervous system and delicate organs of the torso. It also forms the framework for the "core" of the body, to which the limbs attach. The axial skeleton is susceptible to a multitude of disorders. Depending on the type of disorder, your health care provider can recommend the most appropriate treatment.
Anomalies
Often referred to as birth defects, these conditions are sometimes just minor anatomical quirks that are inherited. Some, such as spina bifida, can be serious. Spina bifida is a fairly common anomaly in which the maturing fetal spine fails to fully close around the delicate nerve structures, leaving an open defect. According to the Spina Bifida Association, most cases of spina bifida can be prevented if the mother-to-be consumes adequate folic acid in the diet or by supplementing with prenatal vitamins.
Developmental
Scoliosis, or curvature of the spine, is a common example of a developmental disorder. This condition usually develops during adolescence. The exact cause of scoliosis is often unknown. Mild curves, if painful, are frequently managed by chiropractors or physical therapists. Severe curves may require bracing or surgery. Once detected, scoliosis should be monitored through the growth years.
Trauma
Axial skeletal fractures are common. Mild rib fractures and mild spinal compression fractures may be painful but are generally stable and may require only treatment for the related pain. Because the axial skeleton protects the brain and spinal cord, skull fractures and some types of spinal fractures can result in serious neurological damage and require prompt medical attention.
Arthritis
The spine is susceptible to several types of arthritis. Osteoarthritis, the most common form of arthritis, results from trauma or "wear and tear." According to the May 2008 issue of the journal "Spine," more than 90 percent of the population develops this condition to some degree with age. A number of other forms of arthritis of the axial skeleton are collectively termed "inflammatory arthritides." These can be quite destructive and disabling. A rheumatologist is the medical specialist best suited to provide guidance and management for inflammatory arthritis.
Infection
Before the age of modern antibiotics, it was not uncommon for tuberculosis to spread to the spine. This infection was responsible for severe deformity, paralysis and even death. Today, infections of the axial skeleton are less common but require prompt and aggressive medical treatment.
Tumors
A multitude of abnormal growths (tumors) can occur within the axial skeleton. Some of these are benign and require no treatment. In adults, most cancerous tumors of the axial skeleton have originated in other tissues and metastasized or spread to the skeleton. According to Terry R. Yochum and Lindsay J. Rowe in their text, "Essentials of Skeletal Radiology," the most common sites of origin include the breast, prostate, lung and kidney.
Other
The axial skeleton may also be affected secondarily by nutritional deficiencies: scurvy (vitamin C) and rickets (vitamin D) are classic examples. Endocrine (glandular) or metabolic conditions may also affect the density or quality of the bones of the axial skeleton. Because hormones and nutrition play such important roles in osteoporosis, it is generally classified as an endocrine/metabolic condition.
References
- Spina Bifida Association
- "Spine;" Degenerative Lumbar Disc and Facet Disease in Older Adults: Prevalence and Clinical Correlates; GE Hicks, n Morone, DK Weiner; May 2009
- "Essentials of Skeletal Radiology;" TR Yochum, LJ Rowe; 1987
