DHEA sulphate, or DHEA-S, is a slightly more active form of the sex hormone DHEA, with the addition of a sulfate molecule containing one oxygen and four sulfur atoms. DHEA-S is converted back and forth from DHEA to DHEA-S by steroid sulfatase, or STS, an enzyme produced in your body. It is also converted to more potent sex hormones, testosterone, which is responsible for male characteristics, and estrogen, responsible for the female menstrual cycle.
What it Is
DHEA and DHEA-S are produced by your adrenal glands, two small organs that produce several hormones, including the stress hormone cortisol and the "fight or flight" hormone, adrenaline. It is found in blood plasma, where major hormones are available in sulfate form. Levels peak at age 25 and slowly decline as you age. Secretion is controlled by adrenocorticotropic hormone, or ACTH, a hormone produced by your pituitary gland, a pea-sized gland located at the base of your skull.
DHEA-S and Andrenal Glands
A DHEA-S serum test measures the amount of DHEA-S in your blood. It is used by your physician as an indicator of adrenal function, since DHEA-S is produced primarily by the adrenal cortex, the outer portion of your adrenal glands. When the adrenal glands produce too much, or not enough DHEA-S, it can indicate an underlying issue.
DHEA-S Levels
Adrenal tumors and cancers can lead to high levels of DHEA-S, while low levels may indicate adrenal insufficiency. High levels may not be as noticeable in men, however women with high levels can develop masculine characteristics, like a deeper voice. Because levels are governed by your pituitary gland, which tells your adrenals how much to produce, it can also indicate pituitary issues, such as a tumor. If your levels are abnormal, your doctor will investigate further to determine the cause.
Treatment
Your doctor will determine the best course of action based on your situation. For abnormally low levels, he may prescribe DHEA replacement, while treatment for elevated levels is aimed to treating the underlying cause. If tumors are present, surgery may be necessary. Low-dose oral contraceptives can also help counter the effects of excess androgens.
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