Folic acid is part of the B-vitamin complex, a group of vitamins important to many of the body's functions. Folic acid, also known as folate, is integral in the production of DNA and RNA, the basic building blocks of all cells. It is also important in the manufacture of red blood cells, the cells that carry oxygen to the body's tissues and organs. Folic acid deficiency can lead to anemia in children.
Sources
Because folic acid is a water-soluble vitamin and it is not stored in the body, humans need a continuous source of this nutrient. The main nutritional sources of folic acid include leafy green vegetables, like spinach and turnip greens; citrus fruits and juices; and dried beans. Other sources of folic acid include fortified breakfast cereals, breads, flours, pastas and rice.
Causes of Deficiency
In general, folic acid deficiency occurs when a child is not eating enough folate-rich foods, if there is inadequate absorption from the gut, if there is too much loss of the vitamin, or if there is an increased need for this nutrient. Children with conditions such has cystic fibrosis have decreased absorption of nutrients from the gut, and can have folic acid deficiency. Certain anticonvulsants and other medicines can also interfere with the absorption of folic acid.
Symptoms
Because of its importance to cell growth and division, children with folic acid deficiency can suffer from growth delay. Other symptoms include loss of appetite and energy, irritability, diarrhea, and inflammation of the tongue and the gums. The main consequence of folic acid deficiency in children is macrocytic anemia. In this condition, the body makes larger than normal red blood cells that lack enough hemoglobin, the molecule that binds oxygen and carries it to the tissues.
Treatment and Prevention
The recommended dietary allowance of folic acid for children ranges from 150 mcg per day for children aged 1 to 3 years old and 200 mcg per day for children between 4 and 8 years old, to 300 to 400 mcg per day for preteens and adolescents. Children can get this from a balanced diet rich in foods containing folate. Children with severe folate deficiency and anemia may need blood transfusions and oral folic acid supplements to correct the condition.
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