Folic acid, also known as folate or vitamin B-9, is an essential vitamin that fills several vital functions in your body. A water-soluble vitamin, folic acid is especially important to prospective or pregnant mothers, since it is critical for the proper growth and normal development of unborn children. However, since humans cannot naturally produce folate, it must be obtained from dietary sources or supplements. A folic acid deficiency can lead to various health problems for adults, children and unborn babies.
Importance of Folic Acid
Folic acid is one of the eight B vitamins, typically found in leafy green vegetables and enriched grains. All humans need it in regular doses because our bodies use it to manufacture and maintain cells, and in the production of major cellular components such as DNA and RNA, the Office of Dietary Supplements explains. This is particularly critical during fetal development and infancy, two major periods of rapid cell division. Getting the right amount of folic acid before and during pregnancy can help prevent some of the most serious birth defects.
Additional Benefits of Folic Acid
Besides contributing to cellular growth and maintenance, folic acid is also needed for metabolizing essential amino acids and for vital interactions with vitamins B-12 and B-6. In combination with these other B vitamins, folic acid allows your body to process and regulate the amino acid homocysteine, the Linus Pauling Institute reports. Otherwise, excessive amounts of this acid can build up and cause heart problems. Keeping a healthy folic acid balance also helps prevent fatigue, weight loss and cardiovascular diseases.
Birth Defects
Since folic acid is so important for proper cell growth and maintenance, women who don't get enough of this vitamin before and during their pregnancy greatly increase the risk that their unborn child will develop serious neural tube defects, the American Pregnancy Association explains. These defects include anencephaly, or underdevelopment of the brain; encephalocele, a condition wherein abnormal skull development leaves brain tissue exposed; and spina bifidia, or imperfect spinal column and cord formation. These conditions are extremely serious and life-threatening and often result in death. If you plan to get pregnant, consult your doctor regarding folic acid supplementation. It is best to start taking folic acid supplements at least a month prior to conception.
Folic Acid Deficiency Symptoms
Individuals with a folate or folic acid deficiency may experience a number of symptoms, MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia notes. These include gray hair, poor growth, diarrhea, glossitis or swollen tongue, mouth ulcers, fatigue, weight loss, headache and peptic ulcer. Mental changes may also occur, such as depression and irritability. The most notable sign of folic acid deficiency is anemia, a condition that involves a low red blood cell count. Typical causes for this vitamin deficiency include poor absorption, inadequate intake, bowel disorders and interference of medications such as birth control pills and phenytoin.
Dietary Sources
Folic acid is naturally found in leafy green vegetables such as spinach and broccoli. Bananas and cantaloupes are also good sources of folate, and so are fortified breads, cereals and noodles. Many types of beans and nuts contain folate, as does beef. The best way to ensure proper folic acid intake is to eat a healthy, balanced diet containing plenty of fruits and vegetables. You may also wish to take a multivitamin supplement. Note that pregnant women and individuals with kidney or liver conditions may need to take more folic acid than others.
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