More than 23 million Americans have diabetes, according to 2007 statistics from the National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse. This chronic illness affects the way in which the body produces or uses insulin, a hormone that regulates the metabolism of the blood sugar, glucose. In Type 1 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin. Type 2 diabetes, in which the body no longer uses insulin effectively, is one of the most common metabolic disorders.
Endocrine System, Hormones and Metabolism
The endocrine system includes glands throughout your body that make hormones for controlling growth, reproduction, mood and your metabolism. Your brain and nervous system signal different organs to produce and secrete hormones to carry out these various functions. The digestive system relies on a working endocrine system to signal the release of hormones at the right time so metabolized food can be used for energy and the nutrients needed in your cells to thrive each day. Diabetes inhibits the proper release of hormones, which alters metabolic processes.
Insulin and Glucose
Insulin is the key hormone needed for metabolizing carbohydrates, fats and proteins. As you digest food, it gets broken down into small molecules. Carbohydrate-containing foods break down into glucose, a form of sugar used as energy, that is passed into your bloodstream. The pancreas gland is signaled by your brain to release insulin to retrieve and move glucose from the blood to your cells for use as energy. However, diabetes prevents your pancreas from adequately producing insulin, or when insulin is produced, your cells do not respond to the hormone. Therefore glucose is left in the bloodstream then eliminated in the urine causing you to lose the main source of energy for your body.
Diabetes Management
Diabetes management begins with proper diagnosis and following medical recommendations. Medications for sustaining blood glucose and stimulating insulin production may be prescribed along with a monitor to check your blood glucose daily. Healthy lifestyle habits like limiting your alcohol consumption, avoiding smoking and weight management also help improve your blood sugar management. Consult your physician for diabetic diet guidelines and ways to prevent further health complications from diabetes.
Nutrition Tips
The foods you eat are as important as the frequency and portions you eat in managing or preventing diabetes. A healthy metabolism is nurtured by consistent consumption of small meals throughout the day. Choose whole grain breads, pastas and cereals which help sustain your glucose levels instead of cause a rapid sugar spike followed by a crash. Eat plenty of fiber-filled fruits and vegetables to control your blood sugar and keep you from binging on junk food. Drink water throughout the day for hydration and avoid sugar-filled soda beverages. Limit saturated fat intake from red meat and fried foods. Choose fish like salmon or nuts and beans to get plenty of protein without the added fat.
References
- National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse: Diabetes Overview
- Elmhurst College Virtual Chembook; Diabetes Errors of Metabolism; Charles E. Ophardt; 2003
- Colorado State University; Physiologic Effects of Insulin; R. Bowen; August 1, 2009
- American Diabetes Association: Diabetes Superfoods
- MayoClinic.com; Diabetes Prevention; 5 Tips For Taking Control; Mayo Clinic Staff; October 12, 2010
- The Hormone Foundation: The Endocrine System
