Hyperemesis gravidarum is a condition in pregnant women characterized by persistent nausea and vomiting. It can threaten fetal viability and the mother's life. Symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum include severe nausea, persistent excessive vomiting, weight loss of 5 or more lbs. in a one- to two-week period, pale skin, jaundice, light headedness or fainting, infrequent urination and dehydration.
Possible Causes
The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum, or HEG, is unknown yet may include high levels of human chorionic gonadotropin, or hCG, and estrogen. Both hormones affect the area of the brain that control nausea and vomiting. Helicobacter pylori, an infection in the gastrointestinal tract found in 90 percent of all women diagnosed with HEG, is a potential cause. In addition, psychological factors may play a role. Stress and anxiety can cause physical illness. According to the University of Rochester Medical Center, women in the midst of HEG had significantly greater symptoms of depression, hysteria, schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive behaviors and anxiety than women not suffering from HEG. Other possible factors are a high fat diet and elevated thyroid levels.
Diet Recommendations
If HEG symptoms are mild, a diet high in protein and complex carbohydrates, and low in fat may help ease the symptoms. Choose foods that do not require cooking. Eat small quantities every two to three hours. Drink smaller quantities of water during your meal to avoid feeling full and bloated. Avoid spicy and odor-rich foods. Consult your physician at the onset of symptoms and follow his direction to ensure you are getting the proper amount of nutrients.
Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition
Enteral and parenteral nutrition are intravenous therapies given when adequate nutrition cannot be achieved by mouth. The IV solution is a combination of fluids, electrolytes, and nutrients. Enteral nutrition can usually be done at home. Parenteral nutrition is an alternative when the severity of symptoms inhibits the intake of foods. Parenteral nutrition is usually done in a hospital or clinical setting as it requires a central venous catheter.
At Risk Populations
HEG occurs in 0.3 to 2 percent of all pregnancies. Risk factors include first pregnancy, mothers with a history of HEG, mothers and sisters with HEG, and a female fetus. Women with increased body weight or a history of motion sickness or migraines are also at risk.
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