The gastric juices within your stomach are primarily composed of hydrochloric acid. Gastric juices serve a variety of functions, including digestion. The amount of acid in your stomach may be altered by certain foods, medications or diseases. Extreme changes in stomach acidity can cause problems within the digestive tract.
Acid in the Stomach
Gastric juices serve a number of functions within your stomach. The primary role of stomach acid is to aid in digestion by breaking down large pieces of food into smaller units that can be transported through the intestine and absorbed. An acidic environment is also necessary for the activation of various digestive enzymes that catalyze digestive processes. In addition, stomach acid creates an environment that is hostile and deters the growth of many types of bacteria that could cause an infection within the gut.
Acid Production
Hydrochloric acid is produced by parietal cells located in the inner lining of the stomach. Positively charged hydrogen ions are produced by proton pumps within these cells. Acid production is stimulated by hormones including gastrin and histamine. These hormones are typically secreted at higher levels in response to stomach expansion and food consumption. According to Medline Plus, the stomach contains between 20 and 100 mL of gastric juice and has an acidic pH between 1.5 and 3.5.
Excess Acidity
Presecretory disorders and excessive acid production can increase the risk for development of peptic ulcers and peptic acid disease. Although the lining of the stomach is naturally coated by a protective mucous layer, excessive stomach acid can cause erosion of stomach tissue, resulting in stomach ulcers. In addition, high stomach acidity can exacerbate symptoms associated with heartburn and gastric reflux. In many cases, patients with excessive stomach acidity can consult with a physician and use medications that neutralize acid or reduce acid production within the stomach.
Low Stomach Acidity
In certain individuals, particularly the elderly, stomach acid can be excessively low. This condition is known as hypochlorhydria. Low stomach acid can result in poor digestion and delay the transfer of stomach contents into the intestine. In extreme cases, low stomach acidity can result in malnutrition. Patients with concerns regarding stomach acidity should consult with their physician and determine if treatment is required.
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