Kava, scientifically known as Piper methysticum, is a type of pepper plant whose roots are used for their sedative effects. Despite its long history of use, kava's safety has been called into question since several cases of liver damage occurred in users. To help prevent serious side effects, do not take kava supplements without first asking your physician.
History
Kava has been used traditionally in Fiji and other islands in the South Pacific for centuries. In the 1980s, the herb gained recognition in the U.S. as a potential remedy for nervous conditions like anxiety and insomnia. More recently, concerns were raised when severe liver damage was identified in kava users from several countries, resulting in a number of federal bans. Despite these incidents, kava continues to be sold over the counter as a dietary supplement in the U.S.
Pharmacology
In addition to its ceremonial uses in the South Pacific, kava is sometimes taken medicinally to relieve nervousness and related symptoms. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, multiple studies have affirmed kava's effectiveness for treating anxiety and insomnia in some users. Kava is believed to slow brain activity by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter GABA, resulting in feelings of calm and sedation.
Side Effects and Risks
Liver damage is a serious risk of kava use. Science Daily states that kavain --- one of the active compounds in kava --- causes changes in liver structure, such as retraction of cellular lining and blood vessel narrowing. It is not known whether these effects are reversible or what other factors may increase the risk of liver damage. Dermopathy and other skin disorders have also been noted in heavy kava users, according to the National Institutes of Health. More common side effects may include impaired coordination, dizziness, drowsiness and nausea. Until more is known about kava's effects on the body, avoid or limit your exposure to the supplement.
Safety Precautions
The only way to completely avoid the risk of liver damage is to abstain from using kava. The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine warns patients with liver disease and those taking certain medications not to use kava, because it could increase the risk of liver damage. Follow dosing directions on the label, and don't combine kava with alcohol or other known liver toxins. Stop using kava and seek immediate medical help if you experience skin yellowing, severe abdominal pain or other potential signs of liver damage.
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