Cholesterol is a fat-like substance that circulates in the bloodstream. It helps compose cells, hormones, vitamins, and digestive enzymes in the body. Although cholesterol is an integral element of the human body, elevated cholesterol levels, also referred to as lipid levels, can increase your risk for heart disease according to the American Heart Association. People with HIV are at an increased risk for developing elevated lipid levels. This can be caused by the disease process of HIV, or it can be a side effect of antiviral medications used to treat the disease.
Types of Cholesterol
Cholesterol can be divided into three types: HDL, LDL and triglycerides. HDL, or high-density lipoprotein, is considered the good cholesterol, with high levels of HDL protecting against heart disease according to the American Heart Association. LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is considered the bad cholesterol. LDL can build up in your body's arteries which can lead to a heart attack or stroke. Triglycerides are also considered a bad type of cholesterol with elevated levels increasing the risk of heart disease.
Cholesterol Goals
A blood test can be used to assess a person's lipid levels. A complete lipid profile will reveal a person's total cholesterol level as well as his HDL, LDL and triglyceride levels. A total cholesterol level less than 200 mg/dL is desirable. Total cholesterol between 200 and 239 mg/dL is considered borderline high, resulting in an increased risk for heart disease. Total cholesterol of 240 mg/dL and higher is categorized as high cholesterol by the American Heart Association, doubling a person's risk of heart disease. The goal for HDL cholesterol is 60 mg/dL or greater. Optimal LDL levels are less than 100 mg/dL and healthy triglyceride levels are less than 150 mg/dL.
Food and Cholesterol
Foods that contain saturated fat increase cholesterol levels. Saturated fat is generally solid at room temperature and usually come from animal products such as red meat, lard and dairy products. Saturated fat is also found in tropical oils such as palm kernel oil and coconut oil. If you have high cholesterol, limit tropical oils and saturated fat in your diet. Limit high-fat cuts of red meat, bacon, sausage, hot dogs. Also limit whole milk, ice cream and yogurt and cheese made with whole milk. A diet high in sugar, alcohol and refined grains such as white bread can lead to elevated triglycerides. Limit sugary foods such as soda and candy and choose whole grain breads, cereals, pasta and rice. While medications can be prescribed to reduce cholesterol levels, research conducted by Spain's Department of Public Health proved that reducing dietary fat intake is an effective method for lowering lipid levels.
Professional Resources
If you have questions about your lipid levels or planning your diet, consult with a registered dietitian. Registered dietitians are trained to assess an individual's nutritional status, interpret lab values and can teach you about the foods that will best nourish your body.
References
- American Heart Association: About Cholesterol
- "Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome"; Association of Serum Lipid Levels With HIV Serostatus, Specific Antiretroviral Agents, and Treatment Regimens; K. Anastos, et al.; May 2007
- The Body: Hyperlipidemia and HIV/AIDS: High Cholesterol and Triglycerides
- HIV and Hepatitis: High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol in People with HIV: Association with Viral Load and Antiretroviral Therapy; Ronald Baker, PhD; June 2008
- "AIDS"; Effect of Dietary Intervention on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy-Related Dyslipemia; Anaa Barrios, et al.; October 2002
