The health of your brain cells depends on a number of substances, including some that come from your diet. Omega-3 fatty acids are a type of fat; they maintain the health of your neurons. These fats may also play a role in your risk of developing neurological diseases, though the benefits of omega-3 supplementation need to be studied further.
What Are Omega-3 Fatty Acids?
Omega-3 fatty acids get their name from their chemical structure. They are polyunsaturated fatty acids that cannot be made by the human body, so they are sometimes called "essential" fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids can be found in a variety of food sources, including vegetable oils, green leafy vegetables and nuts. They are also found in significant amounts in some fish, such as mackerel, herring, salmon and cod. Fish oil is often used as a supplement to help people increase their omega-3 fatty acid levels.
Importance for Neuronal Health
All the cells in your body, including your neurons, are surrounded by membranes rich in different fats or lipids. Omega-3 fatty acids are particularly important for the membranes around neurons. As a review published in a 2009 issue of "The European Journal of Neurology" explains, one omega-3 fatty acid, known as DHA, comprises between 30 percent and 40 percent of lipids in the neurons in parts of your cerebral cortex. These fatty acids are crucial for development of the brain early in life.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Alzheimer's Disease
Omega-3 fatty acids may also play an important role in your risk of developing Alzheimer's disease or other types of cognitive decline. The review in "The European Journal of Neurology" notes increased intake of fish that contain omega-3 fatty acids is associated with decreased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Fish oil has also been used to treat some psychiatric conditions, including depression, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder.
Considerations
It isn't clear whether consuming more omega-3 fatty acids will actually have any benefit on your brain if you do not have a deficiency. For example, a study published in a 2008 issue of "Neurology" determined that consuming fish oil had no effects on cognitive performance in older adults. Talk to your doctor before consuming omega-3 fatty acid supplements, as these products may increase your risk of bleeding or bruising easily.
References
- University of Maryland Medical Center; Omega-3 Fatty Acids; Ehrlich Steven; 2009
- "European Journal of Neurology"; The Role of Nutrition in Alzheimer's Disease: Epidemiological Evidence.; M.C. Morris; 2009
- "Neurology"; Effect of Fish Oil on Cognitive Performance in Older Subjects; Van de Rest, et al.; 2008
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