For anyone planning an outdoor activity in unfamiliar territory, a compass is a vital tool to help you stay the course and avoid getting lost. In its simplest form, a compass is a navigational tool that finds direction using a magnetized needle that aligns itself with the Earth's magnetic North Pole. Most compasses have a dial that is marked in increments from 0 to 360 degrees. They often have a liquid-filled inner housing that prevents erratic needle movement.
Compasses range in price from as little as $10 for a basic model up to $200 for a professional or specialty compass. The type of compass you purchase depends on the activity for which you will be using it. For hikers and backpackers, a simple, less expensive compass is more than adequate. For orienteering or mountaineering, a specialized model with specific features is required.
Orienteering is the competitive sport of navigation with a map and compass. It combines physical fitness with the skill of map reading and finding direction. Many orienteering clubs and organizations have websites that can recommend specific compasses for this activity.
What to Look for
Most compasses fall into 3 basic categories: baseplate, pocket compass and sighting. A baseplate compass is great for hiking and travel. It has a clear, rectangle base that allows users to see a map underneath the compass. The base also provides a straight edge and square angles for plotting on a map.
For hiking and backpacking, look for a lightweight, compact and weather resistant model.
Add-on features include a clock, stopwatch, magnifying glass, rescue mirror, thermometer and barometer. Some models feature glow-in-the-dark markings for night use. An inclinometer is a feature that measures slope angles.
Sighting compasses ensure accuracy and allow users to see their target and the compass at the same time with a mirror. The Mountaineers, a 100-year-old outdoor recreation club, requires an advanced compass with an adjustable declination feature for their popular mountaineering course. Declination measures the angle between the local magnetic field (your location) and true north. This feature simplifies map and compass work.
Common Pitfalls
The most common mistake is to purchase the wrong type of compass for an activity. Some activities require specific features or brands. Check with a knowledgeable sales person before purchasing a compass for an advanced sport such as orienteering. Avoid quadrant type compasses, because they are difficult to use.
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