Niacin, also known as nicotinic acid, or B-3, is a water-soluble vitamin and necessary component of a healthy diet. There are two forms of niacin, niacinamide and nicotinic acid. Your body can also make niacin from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin has many important functions, such as producing energy, maintaining healthy skin and helping the digestive and nervous system work properly. It may also act as an antioxidant, protecting your body against toxins and pollutants.
Uses
While large doses of both forms of niacin are used to treat an array of diseases, it is nicotinic acid that has beneficial effects on cholesterol and triglycerides. According to MedlinePlus, niacin may also be effective in treating schizophrenia, hallucinations due to drugs, Alzheimer's, chronic brain syndrome, depression, motion sickness, alcoholism and edema. Over time, pharmacological doses of niacin can be dangerous to your health, as they are very high, and should be taken only under close observation of your physician.
Side effects
Taking niacin in doses as low as 50 mg per day can lead to flushing of the face and neck, nausea and vomiting. Doses greater than 3,000 mg can lead to more serious health consequences, including liver dysfunction, gout, gastrointestinal ulcers, vision problems, high blood sugar, and irregular heartbeat. Niacinamide is generally easier to tolerate and may not cause flushing, though it can lead to abdominal discomfort and liver toxicity at high doses. According to a University of Maryland report, timed-release tablets and capsules may have fewer side effects, though they are more likely to cause liver damage. To lessen uncomfortable side effects, your physician may choose to start you with a smaller dose and gradually increase it. Consuming niacin after meals, or taking an aspirin with it, may also help.
Considerations
Pharmacological and supplemental niacin is contraindicated if you have a history of liver and kidney disease or stomach ulcers; and caution is warranted with diabetes and gallbladder disease. Alert your physician if you are taking statins or medication for diabetes, high blood pressure and gout, as niacin may interact with the drugs used to treat these diseases.
Food Sources
The RDA for niacin varies by age and gender. Under non-medical circumstances, adult men and women need approximately 14 to 16 mg per day, with the tolerable upper limit at 35 mg per day. The best way to ensure that your diet contains enough niacin is by consuming a variety of nutrient-dense foods. Sources rich in niacin include meats, fish, dairy products, eggs and enriched cereals and grains. Other notable choices to add to your diet are green vegetables, legumes and nuts.
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