Malnutrition is rare but not unheard-of in developed countries, and it ravages populations in the developing world. Even people who are overweight can become malnourished if they aren't getting enough of a particular vitamin or mineral. The results of malnutrition vary along with the specific type and degree of the deficiency, but because of the potential for severe health problems, you should take seriously any concerns you have about nutrient deficiencies.
Malnutrition Defined
Malnutrition is the condition of not having enough nutrients to sustain your normal biological processes. The most severe form of malnutrition occurs as the result of starvation, when you don't get enough food to provide proper nutrition. Severe malnutrition rarely occurs in developed societies, but some populations are vulnerable to forms of malnutrition. People with digestive problems, those on medication, individuals with restrictive diets and elderly people are at risk of developing malnutrition due to a lack of one or more nutrients in their diet.
Short-Term Effects
The short-term effects of malnutrition depend on the specific nutrients involved. Fatigue, dizziness and weight loss are common symptoms of vitamin deficiencies that cause malnutrition. A lack of some vitamins and minerals such as zinc, selenium and vitamins D, C and A can lead to a depressed immune system that makes you more prone to infections and illnesses. Anemia can result from an iron deficiency.
Long-Term Effects
Over the long term, malnutrition can cause irreversible changes in cells and tissues. Muscle and bone loss can occur when your body doesn't get enough calcium, vitamin D or phosphate. Digestive, lung and heart problems are also possible. Children, adolescents and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to the long-term effects of malnutrition, and a lack of nutrients during these periods can result in lifelong health problems, including birth defects, physical deformities, brain damage, stunted growth and an increased risk of heart disease later in life. Malnutrition can cause death if left untreated.
Considerations
In modern societies, getting enough nutrients to avoid malnutrition is fairly easy. Most people do not need to take supplements in order to avoid deficiencies; they can get everything they need from a well-balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean meats and healthy fats. If you have concerns about malnutrition or specific vitamin deficiencies, a doctor can check your blood to determine your levels of a given nutrient and prescribe supplements as needed.
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