Acetylcholine is a brain chemical with various functions in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Substances that inhibit an enzyme known as cholinesterase cause acetylcholine poisoning when inhaled, ingested or applied to the skin. Understanding the nature of acetylcholine poisoning enables you to better prevent the condition and recognize symptoms sooner for a more conducive outcome.
Identification
Acetylcholine plays a crucial role in muscle control, heart rate regulation and other vital functions. In regular amounts, it helps coordinate muscle contraction in the heart and skeletal muscles. Acetylcholine is formed by choline, a B vitamin found in foods like eggs, meat and whey. In excess, acetylcholine can cause overstimulation of nerves, resulting in irregular heartbeat, respiratory failure and other serious complications.
Causes
Acetylcholine poisoning is caused by substances that inhibit cholinesterase, the enzyme that controls acetylcholine levels in the body. Organophosphates are a major cause of acetylcholine poisoning and include some types of nerve gas, herbicides, insecticides and medications. According to the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, liquid organophosphates have cumulative toxic effects and are easily absorbed by all routes of ingestion. Examples of well-known organophosphates include malathion, parathion, sarin and diazinon. Because organophosphates accumulate in the body over time, both acute and repeated low-dose exposures can result in acetylcholine poisoning.
Symptoms
Depending on the duration of exposure, route of ingestion and other factors, organophosphates can cause varying degrees of acetylcholine poisoning. Mild symptoms like runny nose, sweating and nausea might be misidentified as other common ailments, while severe poisoning can lead to death if not promptly treated. Neuroscience for Kids lists muscle twitching, reduced vision, drooling, paralysis and respiratory failure as possible symptoms of acetylcholine poisoning.
Prevention and Treatment
When treated promptly, acetylcholine poisoning is not usually fatal. For skin exposure, the Illinois Department of Public Health suggests washing the affected area with soap and water and contacting your local Poison Control Center for further instructions. If organophosphates are ingested, seek immediate medical attention. Activated charcoal and atropine commonly are used to minimize acetylcholine poisoning caused by organophosphate ingestion. Following proper safety procedures when handling insecticides and other organophosphates can help prevent toxicity. For advice on how to dispose of clothing or other contaminated materials, contact your county health department.
