Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a behavioral disorder resulting in problems with attention, hyperactivity and/or impulsivity. Due to this, individuals with ADHD may have trouble in school, work, relationships and family life. Although the exact causes are unknown, possibilities include genetics, toxification, food allergies, inflammation and nutritional deficits. Aside from traditional pharmaceutical therapies, complimentary and alternative interventions exist. Dietary remedies, including omega-3 fatty acids and biotin, are two alternative treatments explored.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are necessary for optimal human health. They are essential, meaning they need to come from the diet because the body cannot make them. There are three types of omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentaenoic acid, or EPA, docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, and alpha-linolenic acid, or ALA. EPA and DHA are in cold-water fish, such as salmon and tuna, and ALA is in plant sources, such as flaxseeds and soybeans. Omega-3 fatty acids play many roles in the body including the normal development and function of the brain.
Omega-3 Fatty Acid Research
Due to the omega-3 fatty acid connections with the brain, researchers have investigated the effects of supplementation on ADHD, with mixed results. However, some studies indicate a positive correlation. One of these studies tested high dosages of EPA/DHA concentrates on nine children with ADHD over the course of eight weeks. At the end of the study, a psychiatrist analyzed the children and reported improvements in ADHD symptoms. Another study, a randomized control trial, measured EPA supplementation over 15 weeks on 92 children with ADHD. The researchers found that symptoms improved in two ADHD subgroups, those with oppositional and less hyperactive/impulsive behaviors. Although promising, this needs more research to determine the exact effects omega-3 fatty acid supplementation has on ADHD.
Biotin
Biotin, also known as vitamin B-7, is a water-soluble vitamin that supports metabolic reactions in the human body. Some of these reactions are responsible for lipogenesis, the formation of fats; gluconeogenesis, the formation of glucose; and the metabolism of some amino acids. Although the link between biotin and ADHD is unclear, it is important to address deficiencies through diet or supplements to achieve the best possible health outcome. Biotin is in many foods including bananas, cauliflower, legumes, nut and nut butters and whole grains. Avoid raw egg whites when reversing a biotin deficiency, as they will interfere with the body's ability to absorb the vitamin.
Precautions
When contemplating supplementation for ADHD, work with your health care provider to determine which treatments will work best for your needs. The health care provider will determine proper dosages, safety and interactions to ensure the best results. Increasing the intake of foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids and biotin, within reason, is typically safe and may contribute to overall health. When choosing fish, stick with wild, rather than farmed fish, and limit consumption to a couple times per week to avoid ingesting excess amounts of contaminants.
References
- "Burgerstein's Handbook of Nutrition"; Michael Zimmermann, M.D., 2001
- National Resource Center on ADHD; Complementary and Alternative Treatments; 2008
- "Acta Paediatrica"; EPA Supplementation Improves Teacher-Rated Behavior and Oppositional Symptoms in Children with ADHD; Per A Gustafsson, et al.; May 2010
- "Nutrition Journal"; Effects of an Open-Label Pilot Study with High-Dose EPA/DHA Concentrates on Plasma Phospholipids and Behavior in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder; PJ Sorgi, et al.; July 2007
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