Indicators for Starvation

Starvation is the most severe form of malnutrition and is due to a deficiency of protein and non-protein nutrients. Starvation can be caused by a lack of access to food, extreme dieting, anorexia nervosa, illness or malabsorption. There are several physical and emotional indicators of starvation. Total starvation is fatal in eight to 12 weeks, according to "Nutrition and Diagnosis-Related Care."

Lethargy

A lack of energy is one of the first indicators of starvation. Weakness, dizziness, fatigue and fainting might occur when the body does not get adequate calories. A loss of muscle mass can lead to decreased physical activity as well. Low-energy intake can impact the nervous system, leading to irritability, weakness and apathy.

Weight and Protein Loss

Extreme weight loss also is an indicator of starvation. Body fat, tissue and muscle are broken down to be used as a source of energy. Body temperature decreases and intolerance to cold develops. Skin might begin to look loose on the body and have a pale, thin, dry, inelastic appearance due to decreased protein and subcutaneous fat. Bone density also is decreased. Nails and hair will become brittle and dry. Hair might begin to thin and fall out.

Digestive and Immune Systems

Gastrointestinal issues can develop. Constipation or diarrhea can occur during starvation. The gastrointestinal mucosal barrier will begin to break down and acid production will decrease. Introduction of solid food quickly can lead to extreme distress and extreme diarrhea. The immune system is depressed, increasing susceptibility to and impaired ability to fight infections. Wound healing will be delayed and respiratory infections are a greater risk.

Cardiac and Pulmonary Systems

With continued starvation, lung capacity decreases and breathing slows. Anemia develops due to a lack of iron in the blood and the number of blood cells decreases. The heart is impacted, leading to irregular heart beats and decreased blood pressure. Women will notice an irregular or complete loss of menstruation.