Folic acid, which is the synthetic version of folate, is also called vitamin B-9, which the body needs to function and develop properly. It helps with cellular and tissue growth, the formation of red blood cells and with the production of DNA. Folic acid is added to fortified breakfast cereals, breads, pastas, flours and rice. A deficiency in folic acid has many health consequences, so it is essential you discuss your dietary needs with your doctor.
Causes of Folic Acid Deficiency
Many factors can contribute to a mild deficiency in folic acid. Because those with celiac disease are unable to tolerate a protein in most wheat, rye and barley products, they may experience a deficiency in folic acid as they adhere to a strict gluten-free regime. Certain medications containing alcohol, sufasalazine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, barbiturates and pyrimethamine may also lead to folic acid deficiencies, explains MedlinePlus.
Birth Defects
Pregnant women, especially, require adequate amounts of folic acid as a deficiency may lead to birth defects, such as spina bifida or anencephaly, notes the American Pregnancy Association. Spina bifida is a neural tube defect in which the neural tube does not fully close. This results in damage to the baby's nerves and spinal cord and may lead to mental and physical disabilities. Anencephaly is another type of neural tube defect in which the baby is born without parts of the skull or brain, resulting in a severe underdevelopment of the brain. Folic acid is especially crucial before conception and during the first trimester as that is the formation period of the neural tube.
Anemia
Anemia is another symptom of folic acid deficiency. Sufficient amounts of folic acid allow for the healthy production of red blood cells. Without adequate amounts of folic acid, production of red blood cells is reduced, leading to anemia. Anemia occurs when there are not enough red blood cells to deliver oxygen to body tissues and may lead to fatigue, pale skin, headaches, poor concentration, a sore mouth and tongue as well as reduced productivity. Macrocytic anemia may also occur due to a deficiency in folic acid. Macrocytic anemia is characterized as abnormally large blood cells that lack enough hemoglobin to carry oxygen to tissue.
General Symptoms
General symptoms of folic acid deficiency include gingivitis, tongue inflammation, diarrhea, irritability and mental sluggishness. Because folic acid plays a vital role in cell growth and division, children diagnosed with a folic acid deficiency may experience a growth delay.
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