Summer temperatures can sore into triple digits while children are out of school on vacation, making them susceptible to the effects of heat illnesses. During outdoor activities in warmer weather or a humid climate, it's important to know the signs and treatment for heat cramps, heat exhaustion and heat stroke.
Symptoms
Symptoms of heat exhaustion include fatigue, dehydration, weakness, irritability, headache, rapid breathing, muscle cramps, nausea, vomiting, anxiety, lightheadedness and pale, moist skin. Heat stroke is the most severe heat-related condition and can have similar symptoms. The differences are that heat stroke may additionally include confusion and seizures and can lead to a coma or death. Heat cramps, a milder heat-related condition, can be mistaken for heat exhaustion. Symptoms include cramps -- mainly in legs -- and flushed, moist skin with a possible fever.
Treatment
For all three conditions, the first step is to move the child to a cooler place, preferably indoors. Next, remove excess clothing and replace with cool cloths while fanning the skin. Give him cold fluids -- sports drinks containing sugar and salt are preferred, according to Comer Children's Hospital at the University of Chicago. A cool bath can also help, if available. If you suspect heat stroke, place bags of ice under the child's armpits and dial 911. Stretch cramped muscles and watch for signs of improvement. If symptoms do not improve, proceed to the emergency room.
Causes
Extended exposure to hot temperatures or high humidity while being active and not drinking enough fluids is the cause of heat-related illnesses. Children heat up more than adults while sweating less, making them prime targets for heat exhaustion. Also, they tend to continue with activity as long as it's fun, without thinking of rest or hydration. Other factors that increase risk of heat illness are obesity, mental illness and chronic disease.
Avoid Extreme Heat
The main way to avoid heat-related problems is to spend time in air-conditioning. If your home is not air-conditioned, visit a public facility with air conditioning, such as your local library or a mall. Increase fluid intake before, during and after activity. Do not wait until your child feels thirsty. Avoid drinks that contain large amounts of sugar since they may cause cramping. Dress your child in cool, loose-fitting clothing and sunscreen while you pace activities slowly. Monitor your child carefully during warm weather and never leave a child in the car. Do not allow your child to return to activity for several hours after he's experienced symptoms.
