A bruise is an injury caused by the rupture of blood vessels, resulting in a bluish mark on the skin. Bruises usually develop as consequence of an accidental bump or blow. Bruising in infants is usually caused by minor trauma during normal daily activities, particularly in cruisers and early walkers. Other times, bruises can be the sign of more serious underlying illnesses or child abuse.
Young Infants
According to the "Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine," bruises are rare and unusual in infants who are not fully mobile. If your child is not crawling or cruising and you notice recurrent or unusual bruising, contact your doctor immediately for advice. Care providers should pay attention to the shape and location of bruises to rule out abuse or severe illnesses.
Cruisers and Walkers
The situation is different in infants who are beginning to stand by themselves, cruising and walking. Bruising is common in this category because children are starting to explore their surroundings and are prone to falling and bumping their heads during play time. Bruises on the knees, shins and upper legs are usually not a reason for concern and should heal in a few days. To minimize the risk of more serious incidents, keep an eye on your little one at all times.
Illnesses
If your baby bruises easily and excessively in unusual areas of the body, such as the abdomen or upper arms, consult a doctor. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as vitamins C, K and iron, can sometimes be the culprit. Your doctor may recommend changes in your child's diet or order further tests. Other times, recurrent bruising, especially if accompanied by a rash, fever and weight loss may suggest the presence of more severe conditions, such as leukemia or other cancer types, hemophilia or systemic infection.
Abuse
Bruises on the face, neck, buttocks, chest or back of a walking infant can be highly suspicious of deliberate injury. Unusual and repeated bruises in any area of the body of a younger infant can also be a sign of abuse. Look out for marks shaped like hands, fingers or objects such as belts, buckles or sticks. Parents or care givers should immediately seek medical advice. Physicians should include a full bone examination and order X-rays for further evaluation, and contact social services if necessary.
References
- "Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine"; Bruising in Infants and Toddlers; Naomi Sugar, et al.; April 1999
- "Pediatric Annals"; Bruising in Infancy: When is it an Emergency?; Livingston N., et al.; October 2010
- "The New York Times"; Times Health Guide; Child Abuse-Physical; August 2011
- MayoClinic.com; Bruise: First Aid
- DukeHealth.org; Advice from Doctors: Bruises
