Acne vugaris is a common skin condition characterized by the formation of pimples. It is the most common skin problem of adolescence. This condition is caused by inflammation of sebaceous glands, glands of the skin that produce a waxy, oily secretion called sebum. Obstruction of these glands leads to their enlargement and the formation of pimples.
Causes of Acne
While the exact triggers for acne are unknown, what is known is that acne is closely linked to male sex hormones, called androgens, which females also produce. These hormones cause growth of sebaceous glands. Obstruction of the glands by sebum, excess skin growth and chronic inflammation caused by the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes leads to the progressive enlargement of these glands. These can subsequently enlarge to form comedones, which are the typical lesions of acne commonly known as pimples. Popular misconceptions about acne being related to sexual activity, diet or dirty skin have no scientific basis.
Symptoms
Due to the large amounts of androgens synthesized during puberty, teenagers are commonly afflicted with acne. Lesions may begin as early as age 8. Typical lesions, called comedones, are white in color and have the typical appearance of pimples. Lesions are most common on the face, due to the large amounts of sebaceous glands located there. Acne also appears on the neck, chest and back. More severe cases, termed as cystic acne, may be associated with more severe inflammation in the face.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of acne can be done by a physician and requires no specific tests. Excess acne in a young woman may be a sign of excess androgens and may warrant investigation for underlying conditions such as polycystic ovarian syndrome. In atypical cases of acne, laboratory tests may be needed to look for possible fungal or bacterial infection.
Treatment
Treatment is individualized and given in steps. Mild cases are treated with low-concentration benzoyl peroxide cream, which is available over the counter. Antibiotic or vitamin A creams constitute the next line of treatment. In severe cases, a doctor may prescribe oral antibiotics. Oral isotretinoin, a vitamin A derivative, is used for the most severe cases. Because this agent is toxic to fetuses, women taking this method must ensure that they are taking adequate contraception.
Complications of Acne
While most cases of acne are mild, severe cases can cause scarring. This is most common in the variant of acne in which cystic lesions predominate. These types of acne should be treated more vigorously.
References
- "Pediatric Dermatology"; Bernard A Cohen, MD; 2005
- "Davidson's Principles and Practice of Medicine"; Nicholas Boon et. al, 2006
- Acne Guide: Answers To Acne Myths And Misconceptions
Member Comments