Potassium flows through the blood as an electrically charged mineral. It is important for electrical transmission in the cells of various organs, including the heart. Imbalances can, therefore, cause problems for the heart. Since this can rapidly lead to abnormal heart rhythms and even death, it must be treated rapidly. One approach involves the use of calcium gluconate. It is important to consult with a physician for the diagnosis and treatment of mineral imbalances and other health conditions.
Hyperkalemia
High blood potassium is called hyperkalemia. Normally the level of potassium is much higher inside cells compared to the bloodstream. Calcium is the opposite, the level of calcium is higher outside of cells. Potassium, calcium and other minerals are sequestered inside and outside of the cells. This leads to an electrical potential, or voltage. High blood potassium disrupts the normal voltage of cells.
Cardiac Effects
The cells of the heart are normally negatively charged relative to the blood when at rest. The signal for contraction involves sodium rushing into the cells making them more positive. Immediately after, potassium rushes out causing cells to be negative once again. High blood potassium discourages potassium from leaving the cells, causing them to be more positive, making them more prone to firing and thus contracting. This can lead to rhythm problems by disrupting the timing of electrical activity.
Stabilization
Changes in the electrical activity of the heart brought about by hyperkalemia can measured by an EKG. If changes are observed, calcium gluconate or calcium chloride may be administered. Calcium helps to restore the normal electrical activity and help stabilize the cells, although the mechanism for this activity is unknown. The onset of action is less than 5 minutes and lasts about about 45 minutes.
Side-Effects & Monitoring
The effects of calcium gluconate on the electrical activity of the heart is measured by continuous monitoring on EKG. Side effects may be gastrointestinal and include nausea, constipation and stomach upset. If calcium gluconate is given straight into the skin it can lead to cellulitis. It can also increase urination.
References
- "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine"; Anthony S Fauci, et al.; 17th Ed 2008
- "Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease"; Vinay Kumar, et al.; 8th Ed 2009
- "Basic and Clinical Pharmacology"; Bertram Katzung, et al.; 11th Ed 2009
