Potassium is a mineral found in many foods, including meats, fish, vegetables, fruits, milk, yogurt and nuts. The body needs potassium for protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, muscle development and other important electrical and cellular functions. Too much potassium in the bloodstream, however, can have serious health consequences.
Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia refers to an excess of potassium in the bloodstream. People with hyperkalemia often show no symptoms, but some people may experience irregular heartbeat, slow or weak pulse, fatigue, weakness, difficulty breathing or nausea. Hyperkalemia requires hospitalization and close monitoring, as well as treatment for the underlying cause, such as renal failure. Treatment may include dialysis; diuretic medications; intravenous calcium, glucose and insulin; and limitation of potassium in the diet.
Causes
Hyperkalemia occurs when certain disorders, such as acute or chronic kidney failure, glomerulonephritis or obstructive uropathy, reduce the ability of the kidneys to expel potassium from the body. Hyperkalemia can also occur when cells release excess potassium to the fluid outside the cells as a result of tissue injuries such as burns, gastrointestinal bleeding, surgery, traumatic injury, tumors or rhabdomyolysis from drugs, alcoholism or infections, MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia notes. People with poor kidney function have a higher risk of developing hyperkalemia as a result of high potassium intake or excess potassium released from cells. Some medications, including potassium-sparing diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, can hinder the body's ability to expel potassium.
Precautions
People with kidney failure, especially those receiving dialysis treatments, should avoid eating too many high-potassium foods. Potassium-rich foods include meats and fish, vegetables such as broccoli, peas, tomatoes and potatoes, and fruits such as bananas, kiwi, cantaloupe, prunes and apricots. People with kidney failure or a history of hyperkalemia should avoid potassium-containing salt substitutes. If you take potassium supplements, have your doctor assess your kidney function.
Recommended Intake
The Institute of Medicine recommends a daily intake of 4,700 mg of potassium for adults ages 19 and over. Healthy diets rich in potassium can help control blood pressure, slow bone loss and reduce the risk of developing kidney stones.
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