Electrolytes are particles that become electrically charged when they are distributed in body fluids. They are needed for muscle contraction, nerve conduction, fluid volume regulation, blood pressure, acid-base balance and cell function. Electrolyte levels are affected by the amount consumed in your diet, intake of water and kidney functioning. Hormones such as aldosterone also help maintain electrolyte balance.
Ions
Electrolytes are ions which have a positive or negative charge. The positive-charged ions, called cations, include calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium. Anions, or negative-charged ions include bicarbonate, chloride, hydrogen phosphate and hydrogen carbonate. Sodium is found in the blood outside the cells and aids in body fluid regulation. Potassium is found inside the cells and is important for heart and muscle functioning. Chloride, hydrogen and bicarbonate are important for acid-base balance.
Imbalance
According to Lab Tests Online, if your electrolytes are imbalanced it is likely due to changes in sodium, potassium, calcium or bicarbonate levels. Symptoms are dependent upon which electrolyte is at an abnormal level and whether the imbalance is due to the presence of too much or too little of the electrolyte. Symptoms can include weakness, fatigue, muscle spasm, twitching, blood pressure changes, numbness and in severe cases confusion, convulsions, coma and death.
Causes
Electrolyte imbalances can occur as a result of changes in the level of water in your body, kidney disease, severe dehydration, congestive heart failure, eating disorders such as bulimia and certain medications. Vomiting, diarrhea and excessive sweating are other causes.
Electrolyte Testing
Electrolyte testing may be ordered to determine the cause of nonspecific symptoms you may have such as weakness, and to monitor chronic conditions such as diabetes, heart and kidney disease. If your doctor suspects an electrolyte or acid-base imbalance, a basic metabolic panel, or BMP, may be ordered. A BMP can be ordered as part of a routine health exam, hospitalization or emergency room visit. If an imbalance is identified, your doctor may order additional tests to identify the cause. Repeat electrolyte testing may be ordered during treatment and at regular intervals until the imbalance is resolved. Treatment will focus on the cause of the imbalance and can include making dietary changes, adjusting water intake or taking medications.
