A sore, swollen tongue is not only uncomfortable, but it also can indicate a serious health concern. You may experience tongue soreness after eating an irritating food, after ingesting a substance to which you are allergic, or as a result of a vitamin deficiency or health problem. In some cases, you may experience itching and tingling on your tongue if you are allergic to pollen and you eat fruit containing allergens similar to that type of pollen.
Glossitis
Glossitis, or inflammation of the tongue, can be caused by an allergy to additives and ingredients in toothpaste, mouthwash, the dyes in certain candy or medication. It could also be caused by a sensitivity to spices, alcohol, tobacco, or hot foods. The condition causes soreness and a change to the texture of the tongue, sometimes making it appear smooth. The tongue also may swell. You may have trouble speaking, chewing or swallowing, and in severe cases, the swelling might impede breathing, which is a medical emergency. Fortunately, glossitis caused by irritants usually goes away once you stop eating or using the offending substance.
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is an emergency medical condition that occurs when you are exposed to something to which you are allergic. Often one of the first symptoms of an anaphylactic reaction is a tingling or itching tongue. Since tongue discomfort can rapidly escalate to a severe allergic reaction, watch carefully for other symptoms. An immune response to a perceived threat, anaphylaxis can also cause oral and throat swelling, a drop in blood pressure and unconsciousness. If you have suffered an anaphylactic reaction in the past, your doctor may give you injectable epinephrine to use in case it happens again. A reaction that includes tongue or throat swelling warrants an immediate call to 911, even if you have already injected epinephrine.
Treatments
If your tongue is inflamed due to eating spicy foods or using a toothpaste to which you are sensitive, observe good oral hygiene. Brush and floss after each meal to remove food that can potentially breed bacteria in your mouth. Avoid irritating foods, smoking and drinking alcohol. Drink cold liquids to soothe your tongue and keep your mouth moist. If you don't know what is causing the problem, see your doctor. In some cases, you may need an antibiotic or antifungal medication to reduce the soreness and swelling.
Other Causes
A sore tongue can be caused by other health issues. A deficiency in iron or vitamin B-12 can cause anemia, which can cause a sore tongue. A yeast infection in your mouth can also cause a sore tongue, as can a reaction to medication, gastroesophageal reflux and damage to the nerves in the tongue. In some cases, psychological factors, such as anxiety or depression, can cause a sore tongue. Your doctor can test you for these and other health concerns.
