The hazards of a substance depend upon the volume and intended use. For example, proper use of sodium chloride, or table salt, on food isn't hazardous. However, the same substance applied to the pavement for melting ice can be dangerous to a dog's paws and to children. You need to apply the same considerations when evaluating the hazards of potassium iodate.
Chemistry
Potassium iodate is a source of iodine. In addition to being a laboratory reagent, this white crystalline powder is used to make dietary supplements. A single molecule has one potassium atom, one iodine atom and three oxygen atoms. Potassium iodate is classified as an oxidizer because its oxygen atoms try to combine with hydrogen atoms. It reacts violently with organic chemicals. In this context, "organic" means that the chemicals are made primarily from carbon and hydrogen. Potassium iodate can also explode in the presence of metals, or if exposed to static electricity.
Medical Uses
The FDA sends warning letters to vendors who market potassium iodate for use in nuclear emergencies because it has not approved this substance for that use. Such lack of approval does not necessarily mean that potassium iodate is hazardous; instead, it means that a formal application for this use has not been evaluated. The World Health Organization approves of both potassium iodide and potassium iodate, although it warns that the latter may cause gastrointestinal upset.
Health Hazards
Potassium iodate can irritate the skin and eyes, causing burns and ulceration. This does not occur with the tiny doses used as an iodine supplement, but with larger amounts, such as one might encounter in an industrial setting. Repeated exposure can damage the kidneys, liver and central nervous system.
Hazardous Waste Emergency
If a large amount of potassium iodate is spilled during a hazardous waste emergency, such as might occur when drums of the material are transported, a full protective suit, goggles, respirator, boots and gloves are necessary to minimize health hazards. The Materials Safety Data Sheet, or MSDS, warns that these protective items may not sufficient. Under these circumstances, consult a hazardous waste specialist before beginning the cleanup.
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