Tooth decay, or dental cavities, is a very common disease in childhood. Dental cavities, also known as dental caries, involve the breakdown of teeth that results from the acids produced by bacteria in the mouth. If the bacteria are not removed, the damage continues, and bacteria can spread to the nerve endings of the tooth. When this happens, most people experience what is known as a toothache.
Carbohydrates
The presence of bacteria alone in the mouth does not cause tooth decay. Bacteria use carbohydrates, such as sugars, to grow and produce the lactic acid that damages teeth. Carbohydrates are found in many foods, such as grains, fruits and desserts. Carbs come in two forms: simple and complex. Bacteria can metabolize both types of carbs, but they metabolize simple carbs, such as sugars, much faster. Simple carbs are found in sugary drinks, desserts, candies and fruit.
Breakdown
When chewing foods, some of the carbs found in the food can be left behind in the mouth. When the bacteria come in contact with these, they use them as an energy source and produce lactic acid. When lactic acid comes in contact with a tooth, the tooth begins to lose its minerals and becomes soft, eventually creating a cavity.
Prevention
Good oral hygiene is the best way to prevent cavities. This includes brushing and flossing after each meal, or at least twice a day. It is also important to visit the dentist regularly to ensure that any cavities are identified and treated properly. In areas without fluoridated drinking water, using a toothpaste or mouthwash with fluoride can also help. Finally, it is important to limit intake of foods high in simple sugars. When snacking, choose foods that are not only low in sugar, but also have natural cleansing properties for teeth, such as celery or broccoli.
Treatment
The treatment of dental cavities involves removing parts of the tooth that bacteria have damaged. Typically, the damage appears black, brown or dark yellow in color and is much softer than healthy teeth. The missing part of the tooth is then replaced with a material to restore the shape and function of the tooth. This process is commonly known as receiving a dental filling. In extreme cases, if the decay has reached the part of the tooth containing the nerves, the tooth might require a root canal or might need to be pulled.
References
- "Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease (ninth edition) -- Nutrition in Relation to Dental Medicine"; D.P. DePaola et al.; 1999
- American Dental Association: Oral Health Topics
