Esophageal reflux, also known as GERD, gastroesophageal reflux or acid reflux, is a common medical condition in which the acidic content of the stomach flows up into the lower esophagus. This can cause chronic inflammation and damage to the esophageal tissue. The main cause of GERD is weakness of the muscle that prevents stomach contents from flowing back into the esophagus.
Heartburn
The acidic contents of the stomach stimulate the nerves in the lower esophagus, creating a sensation of pain or heartburn. People with GERD usually describe the pain as a burning sensation in the middle of the chest, although it can start in the upper abdomen and move up from there. The pain can also be sharp or feel like pressure. Patients sometimes describe it as a clenching fist inside their chest. The pain can be confused with chest pain related to a heart attack. The pain can also radiate to the back, which can be confused with aortic aneurysm, a dangerous tear in the main artery of the body.
Regurgitation
Regurgitation happens when the stomach contents travel back up into the mouth. Typically, it's a small amount of acidic content, or minuscule amounts that make the mouth taste sour. Occasionally, vomiting is the only symptom of reflux. In babies with GERD, regurgitation is the main symptom. Parents usually notice that the baby has frequent spit-ups, which can prevent the baby from getting adequate nutrition.
Less Common Symptoms
Nausea is another symptom of GERD, although it is less common. It can be caused by irritation on the esophagus or by forceful regurgitation. Coughing is another symptom of GERD. It can be triggered by reflux going up into the upper airway or the trachea and down into the lungs, causing inflammation and spasms of the airways. This can be confused with an asthma attack or pneumonia. Another symptom of GERD is difficulty swallowing, particularly in patients with reflux that is severe enough to cause chronic inflammation and narrowing of the esophagus.
