Estradiol is one form of the estrogen class of hormones. Estrogens are present in both males and females, but they play a greater role in the female body. Estrogen is one of many hormones that is involved in the menstrual cycle. It is also involved in breast development and bone health. Low estradiol levels typically occur during menopause or pre-menopause, but they can affect people at any point in life.
Short-Term Effects
Low estradiol levels are responsible for many of the symptoms of menopause. As such, low estradiol levels can cause hot flashes, which are a sudden feeling of heat or warmth in the upper body and face that are accompanied by flushing. Low estradiol levels can also cause thinning of the lining of the vagina, as well as decreased secretion of vaginal fluids, which can lead to vaginal dryness (which can make intercourse painful). Low estradiol can also manifest itself as itching or burning of the vagina, both during intercourse and at other times. Because estradiol is important for the menstrual cycle, low estradiol levels can also cause irregular menstrual periods.
Long-Term Effects
Chronically low estradiol levels can have a number of health implications, including an increased risk of osteoporosis. The material in bones (the "bone matrix") is continually being broken down by cells called osteoclasts and then remade by osteoblasts. One effect of estradiol is to stimulate the osteoblasts. Thus, low estradiol levels can lead to thin bones which are more prone to fracture. According to The Hormone Foundation, low estradiol levels can also contribute to the development of heart disease, bladder problems (through thinning of the lining of the urethra), as well as mental problems (including confusion).
Children
Low estradiol levels can also affect the development of children, particularly girls. Estradiol is one of the hormones that has a central role in the onset of puberty. Thus, chronically low estradiol levels can either delay or prevent puberty. This can cause delay of the growth of secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts and pubic hair) as well as prevent menstruation. Delayed puberty also can put children at risk for osteoporosis later in life, as well as cause them significant emotional and social stress.
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