Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, is a common diagnosis. It is characterized by difficulty staying focused and on task or an abnormal ability to control one's physical behavior, i.e. increased activity. Some people have symptoms of both inattentiveness and hyperactivity. Several medications are approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ADHD.
Methylphenidate
This drug, and the closely related dexmethylphenidate, is a central nervous system stimulant. While seemingly counter-intuitive, stimulation of dopamine release in the brain helps people with ADHD to focus and pay more attention. This prescription medication is available in many forms with common brand names such as Ritalin and Concerta. There are regular tablets that are typically taken two or three times a day, and longer-acting forms that can be taken once daily. There is also a skin patch available with the dose being delivered over a nine-hour period.
These drugs are a Class II controlled substance with a high potential for abuse and dependence. This categorization requires specific prescribing practices such as no verbal prescribing.
Common side effects of these stimulant medications include difficulty sleeping, loss of appetite and nervousness. Heart problems are also possible, especially in those with pre-existing cardiac conditions.
Amphetamine
This category of drugs for ADHD also includes dextroamphetamine and lisdexamfetamine. These are also classified as stimulant medications but work on the brain chemical norepinephrine in addition to dopamine. They are available in normal and extended release forms. These prescription medications are also classified as CII controlled substances.
The amphetamine-related drugs have the same general side effect profile as that of methylphenidate. In addition, gastrointestinal upset and mood changes may be seen.
Atomoxetine
This attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication is also known by the brand name Strattera. It is the first drug considered a nonstimulant to be approved for treatment of ADHD in children and adults. The unique mechanism of action increases levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. Dosing of the capsules is once or twice a day.
As atomoxetine does not carry the potential for abuse and dependence, it is not a controlled substance.
The most commonly reported side effect of this medicine is diminished appetite, which may lead to weight loss. There have been isolated cases of liver damage and failure reported. There is concern that this drug may cause suicidal thoughts, psychosis and mood changes, especially in children who recently start taking it.
