Essential oils contain a highly-complex combination of natural active ingredients. They are extracted from the seeds, stems, bark, roots, flowers and fruit of plants. The specific blend of ingredients found in an essential oil may depend upon a number of variables including soil condition, fertilizer type, geographical region, climate, altitude, harvest season and the distillation process.
Active Compounds
Comprised of 10 carbon atoms, monoterpene compounds are an ingredient found in nearly all essential oils. Monoterpines have therapeutic properties which can vary greatly. Some monoterpine compounds may stimulate the mucus membranes while others may have antiseptic, antiviral and antibacterial properties.
Sesquiterpene compounds are another type of active ingredient found in essential oils such as chamomile and rose, and they differ only in their number of carbon atoms and their potency.
Phenols
Though they can be irritating to the mucous membranes, phenols such as thymol, eugenol and cavacrol, are useful natural ingredients in essential oils. Essential oils such as cinnamon and clove are high in phenols and thereby have stimulating therapeutic and disinfecting qualities. Since some phenols can cause severe skin reactions, essential oils high in phenols are best used short-term in low concentrations.
Alcohols
Monoterpene alcohols which are found in essential oils do not cause skin irritation or toxicity. They often give an energizing effect such as in the essential oils of lavender, rose, geranium, juniper and tea tree oil. A few essential oils such as German chamomile, ginger, sandalwood and patchouli contain sesquiterpine alcohols which may be especially beneficial. Sesquiterpine alcohols may work by stimulating the liver and glands as well as working naturally against allergies and inflammation.
Aldehydes
Essential oils that are in the citrus family such as melissa, lemon balm and citronella contain aldehydes. Essential oils which are high in aldehydes should be used in a low concentration of 1 percent to avoid skin sensitivity. Aldehydes are recognized for their sedative properties.
Ketones
Ketones are useful in their ability to assist in easing mucus secretion, and some may help in regenerating damaged tissue. Essential oils which have a moderate amount of ketones and are especially beneficial include eucalyptus and rosemary oils. Essential oils which are high in ketones should be avoided during pregnancy.
Esters
Formed from a combination of acids and alcohols, esters may be recognized by their fragrant and fruity aroma. Containing anti-fungal properties, esters such as those found in lavender and clary sage oils are gentle and soothing when used in aromatherapy.
Lactones
Although lactones may have a neurotoxic effect, the amount of lactones found in essential oils is generally low. As lactones have useful expectorant properties, they are an ingredient which may be useful in treating conditions such as bronchitis.
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