Uterine fibroids, also called leiomyomata, are benign growths that begin in the smooth muscle (myometrium) of the uterus. Fibroids can grow into the inner cavity of the uterus (submucosal), into the muscular wall (intramural), or into the outside covering of the uterus (subserosal). Pedunculated fibroids are found on the outside of the uterus, attached to it by a stalk, according to the Hampton Roads Center for Fibroid Embolization.
Bleeding
Fibroids can cause vaginal bleeding or spotting between periods (metorrhagia). Fibroids can also cause heavy menstrual periods (menorrhagia), according to the Mayo Clinic. Periods can be prolonged, lasting more than 7 days, and clots may be passed. Bleeding can be heavy enough to cause anemia, or low red blood count.
Pain
Large fibroids can cause pain in several areas. Pain from nerve compression might be felt in the pelvis, or in the back or legs, according to the Hampton Roads Center for Fibroid Embolization. Cramping can also occur during heavy periods. Pain with intercourse is common.
Severe pain can be caused when a fibroid undergoes degeneration, which happens when the fibroid outgrows its blood supply and begins to die. Pain usually subsides after a few weeks, according to the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF).
Red or carneous degeneration is a painful condition that may occur during pregnancy; it develops when there is bleeding into the fibroid.
Pedunculated fibroids can twist, causing pain, fever or nausea, according to the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).
Infertility
Fibroids can interfere with embryo implantation. According to the Hampton Roads Center for Fibroid Embolization, 2 to 3 percent of infertility cases may be caused by fibroids. Fibroids that grow into the cervix can block the entrance of sperm. Women with fibroids might also suffer from miscarriages or preterm delivery. The presence of larger or more numerous fibroids is more likely to pose problems during pregnancy, according to the Mayo Clinic. The fetus may also be forced into an abnormal position in the uterus due to fibroids, necessitating cesarean section.
Other Symptoms
Fibroids putting pressure on the bladder may cause frequent, difficult or painful urination. If fibroids are pressing on the bowel, you could experience constipation. Bloating and hemorrhoids can also be caused by fibroids, according to UCSF. Fibroids can enlarge the uterus enough to distend the abdomen to the point where a woman appears pregnant.
