Reflux occurs when the muscular valve between the esophagus and stomach (lower esophageal sphincter or LES) does not close properly and the stomach contents leak back into the esophagus. The back flow of acid from the stomach touches the lining of the esophagus, causing a burning sensation in the chest or throat. This sensation is commonly called heartburn. Heartburn that occurs more than twice a week might indicate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Foods can aggravate reflux symptoms three ways: by reducing LES pressure, increasing gastric volume and acid, and by irritating the esophageal lining. Avoiding certain foods can be helpful, as well.
Foods That Reduce Pressure
Avoiding foods that lower LES pressure may prevent or reduce the frequency of reflux.
A variety of foods including chocolate, mint oils (spearmint, peppermint), and dietary fats (fried foods, cream-based soups) can decrease LES pressure and promote reflux.
Alcohol and Other Beverages
Alcoholic beverages can also promote reflux by decreasing LES pressure, impairing the swallowing movement of the esophagus, and promoting acid secretion. This applies to both high-proof alcoholic beverages (such as vodka) and low-proof alcoholic beverages (such as beer). Milk is also associated with modest amounts of heartburn related to its fat content. Coffee and tea can sometimes cause reflux, as well.
Foods that Irritate the Esophagus
Dry, crispy, fibrous foods and raw vegetables can irritate the inflamed esophagus. It is also helpful to avoid acidic foods such as tomato-based products, citrus fruits and spicy foods as they may cause irritation to the esophagus and increase the amount of gastric acid.
References
- Joel E Richter, MD. Dietary Advice for patients with GERD. From Medscape Family Medicine.
- Nilsson M, Johnsen R, Eye W, et al. Obesity and estrogen as risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. JAMA. 2003;290:66-72.
