ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurobiological disorder usually diagnosed in childhood. It is characterized by a persistent pattern of impulsiveness, the inability to maintain attention, and sometimes hyperactivity that interferes with academic, occupational or social performance. This disorder results from problems in the dopamine neurotransmitter systems in the brain. Common ADHD medications include psychostimulants, which stimulate the central nervous system but have a calming effect on people with ADHD, and non-stimulant medications which increase neurotransmitter levels in the brain.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) works by increasing dopamine levels in the brain. Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that's important for cognitive functions such as attention and focus. Side effects can include insomnia, repetitive tics, jerky, disordered movements, increase anxiety and nervousness. Ritalin is prescribed for children and adults diagnosed with ADHD. Methylphenidate is available in a short- and a long-acting form. The short-acting form needs to be taken several times a day, usually every two to four hours. The extended release capsules need to be taken only once or twice daily.
Amphetamine-Dextroamphetamine (Adderall)
Amphetamine-dextroamphetamine (Adderall) works by blocking the re-absorption of the brain chemicals dopamine and norepinephrine. Side effects can include upset stomach, weight loss, mood changes and insomnia. This drug is usually prescribed for adults with ADHD, and is available in both short- and long-acting forms.
Atomoxetine (Strattera)
Atomoxetine (Strattera) is a non-stimulant drug. This medication works by increasing the levels of both norepinephrine and dopamine neurotransmitters in the brain, which are generally lower-than-normal in ADHD patients. Strattera side effects include dry mouth, decreased appetite, urination problems and painful menstrual periods.
