The time from a child's birth to age one is considered the period of infancy. In your child's first year her brain builds the neural networks that support motor control and create the foundation for learning and development. Mental development during this period is experienced by special moments such as first smiles, first words and emotional connections.
Brain Development
At birth a baby's brain weighs less than a pound; by age one, it has gained about two pounds, according to Eric Chudler of the University of Washington. This growth is not caused by the production of new nerve cells (neurons). The brain's incredible growth throughout the first year results when the nearly 100 billion neurons he is born with grow and branch out to form neural networks.
Connections
The growing neurons create the brain connections that support vision, feelings, language and movement. Babies can see objects that are nearby at birth but focusing on objects farther away develops quickly as connections grow. Brain circuits governing emotions develop in layers, beginning with two basics---content versus distressed---and building into complex emotions. The brain immediately begins to connect the circuits needed for language. By the end of two weeks he recognizes mom's voice; around six months he recognizes vowel sounds. Connections for motor skills begin with the large muscles controlling the neck, arms and legs. Fine motor skills develop from six to 12 months.
Milestones - First Six Months
Physical milestones indicate that the brain is developing as expected. By two months she smiles and coos. Around three months her long-distance vision has developed; now she recognizes faces and shows more interest in her world. Early communication begins around four to six months with babbling sounds. Your baby begins to enjoy playing around three months. Up until six months she forgets about objects if she can't see them.
Milestones - 6 to 12 Months
Your baby continues to explore through his mouth. A major milestone of cognitive development occurs around nine months, when he learns that objects still exist even if they're out of sight. This affects play because he will now search for hidden objects. It also leads to separation anxiety and fear of being alone. He learns to distinguish different emotions, begins to repeat sounds and may understand the meaning of simple words. He begins to shake his head (yes and no), wave goodbye and by the end of the year speaks a few words.
Activities
From the very beginning mental development focuses on cause and effect; when she cries, you respond. Be sensitive to her moods and needs; respond with calming or stimulating activities. Create a stimulating environment that captures her attention. Place toys where she can touch them. Around seven months begin to read bright picture books. Talk and sing when you feed, bath or diaper her. Play simple games like peek-a-boo as they help the brain build connections for shared attention and socialization.
Considerations
Early stimulation impacts the growth of the brain's neurons. In the first year, bonding with parents, family members and caretakers plays a critical role. Together with play and a stimulating environment, these are the keys to healthy mental development.
